This article focuses on how a statewide reform initiative, when envisioned as a professional development opportunity, impacted teachers’ capacities to become change agents in their classrooms and districts and how individual district contexts shaped the development of those capacities. The interview and artifact data used for this study were gathered from teachers and administrators in four demonstration districts that were involved in a standards-based professional development initiative within the federally funded Michigan English Language Arts Framework (MELAF) project. These data reveal that teachers experienced changes in their personal literacy practices and views of themselves as learners and felt an increased ability to evince change in a variety of educational contexts, including their classrooms, buildings, and districts. Across these changes in teachers’ practices, district patterns emerged that spoke to the individual districts’ capacities to support teacher growth and foster reform. These differences suggest that the changes that took place were a function of many factors, including the size and structure of the district, the district's readiness for change, and the source of language arts leadership within the district. One implication of these results is that the particular histories and competing forces that operate for both individuals and districts shape the implementation of new policy.

In addition to describing several work-preserving and real-time emulations, we also provide a general model in which lower bounds can be proved. Some of the more interesting and diverse consequences of this work include:(1) a proof that a linear array can emulate a (much larger) butterfly in a work-preserving fashion, but that a butterfly cannot emulate an expander (of any size) in a work-preserving fashion,(2) a proof that a butterfly can emulate a shuffle-exchange network in a real-time work-preserving fashion, and vice versa,

In addition to describing several work-preserving and real-time emulations, we also provide a general model in which lower bounds can be proved. Some of the more interesting and diverse consequences of this work include:(1) a proof that a linear array can emulate a (much larger) butterfly in a work-preserving fashion, but that a butterfly cannot emulate an expander (of any size) in a work-preserving fashion,(2) a proof that a butterfly can emulate a shuffle-exchange network in a real-time work-preserving fashion, and vice versa,

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Bruce Lloyd, Professor of Strategic Management, South Bank University in discussion with Richard Koeh, author of the recent book The 80/20 Revolution. The author argues that the 80/20 Revolution is designed to encourage people to realise the power that they have as individuals, and to realise the creativity that I believe, is inherent in everyone – and that most people can develop to a much greater extent than is currently the case. The book explores the reason why things are changing and what we all need to do to keep ahead of the game; it also discusses the role of outsourcing and the changing relationship between individuals and the corporation, as well as the renewed emphasis on “The search for meaning.” The author concludes that individuals need to take more control of their lives and to recognise that we all find meaning and happiness from doing things for other people that they feel good about.