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The Rand Corporation study on criminal investigations [1] has been the classic research on criminal investigations that we refer to when reviewing and the efficacy of the detective in relations to policing. The research that has been conducted and reviewed providing a better understanding of the criminal investigations, case clearance and the detectives role has not been applied in most police departments and as a result very little has change in criminal investigations since the Rand Corporation study. This paper reviews the recent literature on criminal investigations in relations to the Rand Corporation study, and focuses on specific tactics of a criminal investigation to enhance the outcome and create higher clearance rates. Recognizing that U.S. crime statistics from the Uniform Crime Report (UCR) may not provide an accurate method to gauge crime and clearance rates tactical criminal investigations in conjunction with a properly managed case management system can produce more accurate data on investigative efficiency and lead to better work performance and accurate clearance rates.

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This study attempted to determine whether individual differences in intra‐individual consistency are reliable over time and whether future grades can be predicted more accurately for consistent students—those whose grades do not vary much from course to course—than for students with “spotty” records. Measures of intra‐individual consistency were computed from grades obtained early in school and from grades obtained later for several samples of students. These measures showed no reliability over time, and there were no differences between consistent and inconsistent students with regard to the accuracy of prediction of future grades. It was recommended that considerable caution be used in attributing any significance to the degree of consistency or inconsistency manifested by a student's academic record.