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There is a pressing need to develop local-scale climate projection profiles for supporting climate impact assessments. This study contributes plausible future precipitation scenarios for the Bangkok Metropolitan Region (BMR), which builds on the existing evidence base that projects increasing future precipitation. Meteorological data sets from 16 stations located within the BMR and nearby provinces were used for bias correcting five regional climate model scenarios, and future extreme indices were graphed and spatially interpolated to interpret how precipitation extremes may develop to the end of the 21st century. Results indicate that over the coming century, total annual rainfall will increase, with the volume and number of days with heavy/very heavy rainfall also increasing. Total monthly and monthly heavy/very heavy rainfall are projected to increase in the late monsoon, and monthly five-day cumulative and one-day maxima project higher amounts of late monsoonal rains. Spatial interpolation of selected indices indicate substantial projected increases in extreme rainfall across the BMR, with its northern part receiving the heaviest amounts of precipitation. In comparison to the past period (1980–2009), over the long-term (2070–2098) the total monthly heavy/very heavy precipitation during October is projected to increase by 100–120% over Pathum Thani province and 80–100% over the remainder of the BMR. Together with the study's associated R and Python scripts, this study aims to provide an open and reproducible approach to deriving plausible future projections of climate variables at the city scale.

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The paper presents findings from a recent collection of crabs made during 1993 and 1994 from the mangal of the United Arab Emirates. The mangal invertebrate fauna of the UAE is not well known and an account is given of the families Grapsidae, Ocypodidae, Portunidae, Xanthidae and Leucosiidae collected from Umm AI Quwain khawr. For each species comments are made about their identification, habitat preferences and geographical distribution.

Urbanization is a major factor across Asia and the Pacifi c, and so the scope of this chapter is somewhat restricted. There is a focus on larger urban areas, as the small communities of rural areas are discussed in other chapters. The breadth of the topic of urbanization also means that reports by government agencies and NGOs (grey literature) are cited, as well as the formal academic literature. The six sections of the present Chapter systematically review literature in the fi eld. In the fi rst section we overview urbanization trends in the region. In the second section we review the history of urbanization in the region. The third section examines urbanization and climate in Asia and the Pacifi c. The fourth section describes the risks in urban areas due to climate change-related hazards. The fi fth section overviews mitigation and adaptation measures in the region. The fi nal section concludes with the needs for resilient cities and addresses uncertainties, research gaps and policy measures.Future predictions suggest that large cities will not hold most of the region's total urban population. In 1990, cities of larger than one million held almost 35.1 % of the total urban population and by 2025 the UN predicts that cities of one million or more will hold 41.2 % of the total urban population. The share of those living in Chapter 3