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A differential reinforcement of low (DRL) rates procedure was implemented as a changing criterion design with positive punishment and response marking to reduce attention-maintained behavior of screaming, profanity, and disruptive behaviors of three adolescent males. One participant was diagnosed with static encephalopathy and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and severe mental retardation, the other two were diagnosed with Down syndrome, one with moderate mental retardation, and the other with severe mental retardation. Through response marking, a verbal warning was delivered immediately following the initial occurrence of a target behavior. A special token (positive punishment) was immediately delivered with a verbal cue and placed on a behavior board following the next occurrence of that behavior. Appropriate requests (hand-raising) for attention was acknowledged and reinforced with verbal praise. The DRL procedure, combined with positive punishment and response marking, was successful in decreasing the frequency of targeted behaviors amongst all participants.

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This paper describes research undertaken to understand end user needs within the scope of a large, online, historically centred photojournalism image database. The framework used included an examination of browsing vs. searching habits, of Dublin Core metadata elements used when conducting advanced searches, and of trends in types of search terms. Results suggest few visitors to the site use the site's search functionality and very few use advanced search. An analysis of search term characteristics, built on the work of Jo ¨rgensen (1998), suggests a new way to approach social tagging in a future implementation of the photojournalism image database.