Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is of public health importance. Indoor biomass (wood, cowdung etc) smoke exposure from cooking is associated with respiratory conditions and may predispose to COPD. The objective of this study was to evaluate the risk of biomass smoke exposure and COPD.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted at a rural setting of Bangladesh. Rural women over 40 years and exposed to biomass fuel, liquid petroleum gas or natural gas smoke were evaluated using a questionnaire and their lung function was assessed using a portable spirometry.Results: The overall prevalence of COPD in the rural women was 20.4%. It was significantly higher in women using biomass fuel for cooking than in those using natural gas/LPG (p<0.001). Biomass smoke exposure was found significantly associated with COPD (OR= 3.385, CI=1.60-7.13, p<0.05). Lung function was significantly reduced (p<0.05) among women who were using biomass than those using natural gas/LPG.Conclusion: Biomass fuel smoke exposure is a risk factor for development of COPD.Chatt  Shi Hosp Med Coll J; Vol.15 (1); Jan 2016; Page 8-11