Delay time effect (curing) in lemon peel essential oil extraction often occurs in factories when the number of distillers does not match the amount of available lemon peel. This delay time can reduce the quantity and the lemon peel oil quality due to degradation. This study aimed to determine the delay time period before distillation process that affected changes in the lemon peel oil aromatic compound quantity and quality based on the yield, limonene percentage, and the inhibitory effect of lemon peel oil on Staphylococcus aureus bacterial growth. The distillation method used the cohobation distillation technique with a delay time of 1, 3, 5, and 7 hours. Distillation process was carried out by steaming and boiling. The results showed that steam cohobation method was better than boiled cohobation method based on yield and limonene percentage. The 1-hour delay time in steam cohobation method was significantly different from other delay times in boiled cohobation method. Steam cohobation method produced 79.95% limonene. S. aureus antibacterial test at 100% oil concentration had the strongest antimicrobial activity. Therefore, the 1-hour delay time using the steam cohobation method obtained the highest yield of 0.325% and inhibition level of S. aureus at 21.375 mm.

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Andaliman is widely used in culinary and medicine for a long time ago. However, it has a short storage life, so it takes a preservation process. The study aims to create the synthesis of the Andaliman aroma compound and its characterization. The synthesis process is conducted with several variables such as oleoresin concentration range of 10 and 20 wt% and type of surfactants such as Tween 80, mixed of Tween 80:20 (50:50 wt%) and Tween 20. The homogeneous Maltodextrin solution and gum Arabic solution, called solution 1 and 2, are created by using ultra turrax with a speed of 18,000 rpm for 5 minutes. Then they are mixed with a comparative composition 2:3 as wall material. After that, the mixture is added by three different types of surfactants such as Tween 80, mixed Tween 80 and 20 (1:1), and Tween 20. Andaliman nanoemulsion is generated by mixing Andaliman oleoresin, wall materials, and water with two different compositions, such as 10:20:100 and 20:20:100 and also nine wt% of surfactants. Their treatment mixing is similar to the manufacture of wall materials. The characterization of nano emulsification was conducted by analyzing droplet size, zeta potential, polydispersity index (PDI), emulsion stability index (ESI), and viscosity. The study results showed that mixed 20 wt% oleoresin concentration and emulsifier of Tween 20 produced 100% of ESI value with a particle size of 68.5 nm and zeta potential of -44.95 in which showed the stability of both emulsion and nanometer-sized particle.

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