This article applies a Markov chain method to compute the probability of residential fire occurrence based on past fire history. Fitted with the fire incidence data gathered over a period of 10 years in Melbourne, Australia, the spatially-integrated fire risk model predicts the likely occurrence of fire incidents using space and time as key model parameters. The mapped probabilities of fire occurrence across Melbourne show a city-centric spatial pattern where inner-city areas are relatively more vulnerable to a fire than outer suburbia. Fire risk reduces in a neighborhood when there is at least one fire in the last 1 month. The results show that the time threshold of reduced fire risk after the fire occurrence is about 2 months. Fire risk increases when there is no fire in the last 1 month within the third-order neighborhood (within 5 km). A fire that occurs within this distance range, however, has no significant effect on reducing fire risk level within the neighborhood. The spatial-temporal dependencies of fire risk provide new empirical evidence useful for fire agencies to effectively plan and implement geo-targeted fire risk interventions and education programs to mitigate potential fire risk in areas where and when they are most needed.

This study explores the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) in legal metrology since there is very little information on knowledge, attitude, and practice concerning legal metrology. The survey data gathered from 24.360 respondents across 34 provinces in Indonesia assessed the understanding concerning legal metrology by applying descriptive statistics, correlation, and multinomial regression analysis. The results show the consumers generally have better knowledge in legal metrology, an excellent attitude about the importance of legal metrology, and critical behaviour in mitigating fraudulence risk when doing trade transactions at the marketplace. Variable of gender and age tends to impact knowledge, attitude, and practice concerning legal metrology issues. The study also found that the relationship between knowledge, attitude, and practice is likely to be non-linear. The outcomes of exploring the behaviour of consumers through knowledge, attitude, and practice in legal metrology can be beneficial for legal metrology authorities to analyze the impact of setting policies and programs. Also, to develop a strategy to increase public awareness in legal metrology so that the consumers can be more critical in protecting themselves from various fraudulence in measurement in trade transactions.

This study develops a fraudulence risk in the legal metrology model, gaining insight into urban spatial characteristics as contextual variables that may cause a risk of fraud. The model uses Geographically Weighted Regression on the Metrological Consumer Index data of Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. The findings indicate a wide distribution of recorded fraudulence risk in legal metrology across Bandung, with a spatially clustered pattern based on spatial and context of varying neighbourhood attributes. The results also show an increase in the fraudulence risk in legal metrology in the central business district of Bandung. Such phenomena could be attributed to the residents who trade and are involved in the measurement practice. The findings also suggested that the areas with more senior residents were more likely to have a high fraudulence risk in legal metrology. On the other hand, areas with a high proportion of poor and lesser-educated people exhibit low risk.These findings are helpful for legal metrology authorities seeking to establish appropriate strategies to mitigate adverse impacts of fraudulence risk in legal metrology practice on communities. It can also help identify high fraudulence risk in legal metrology areas to geo-target when and where to disseminate information to increase awareness of the dangers.

In this paper, we address the complex question of how the occurrence rate of residential structure fires in Melbourne city are influenced by built-environment structural forms and/or the recent history of fire incident occurred within the neighbouring areas. Numerous studies have used the sociodemographic and economic characteristics to explain the spatial variability in residential fire occurrence rates. There is however less published research that links spatio-temporal variation of residential fire occurrences with patterns and changes in the built environment, or which seeks to quantify the spatial effect of fire events on the subsequent rate of incidents within the local area. We develop a spatio-temporal model of residential fire occurrence based on a range of spatial characteristics and past fire occurrences within neighbourhood. These spatial characteristics include the Index of Relative Socioeconomic Advantage and Disadvantage (IRSAD), residential density (i.e. the relative number of dwelling per unit area), percentage of owned dwellings, percentage of privately rented dwellings, percentage of publicly rented dwellings, percentage of residents moved in the last five years, and percentage of residents moved in last year. The model is fitted to fire incidence data from Melbourne, Australia, gathered over a 10year period. Results show that the distribution of residential structure fires across Melbourne is a complex pattern and is associated with spatially-varying indicators. The inner suburbs of the Melbourne region are more fire prone than others. Those areas have high probability of fire occurrence. This naturally follows not only from built environment and socio economic characteristics, but also correlates with recently-located residents as the tenure status in those areas. Households that have recently moved into an area, and households consisting of temporary residents, have been demonstrated in prior studies to exhibit an elevated likelihood of fire occurrence. The analysis also capture that there is a neighbourhood "memory" effect of fires, with respect to fire occurrence rates. The results contribute to an evidence base which may be useful for emergency planners and fire agencies seeking to build appropriate strategies to mitigate fire effects on communities. It also aids in assessing and classifying areas in terms of fire occurrence likelihood, and in determining when to circulate fire safety information to residents so as to retain preparedness and awareness of fire incidents.