CONTEXT: Although head and neck masses are fairly common clinical presentation, it may be the only, or one of several nonspecific findings in serious illnesses like lymphoma or metastatic cancer. Thus, the need to efficiently differentiate patients with serious illness from those with self-limited disease arises. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) helps in the early and accurate diagnosis especially where approach for interventional biopsy is limited. AIMS: To diagnose various head and neck mass lesions via FNAC and correlating the results with clinical and histo pathological diagnosis. SETTINGS & DESIGN: The study was conducted in Shyam Shah Medical College and associated Sanjay Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Rewa (MP), on 406 patients who presented with head and neck swellings. METHODS & MATERIAL: A complete general and systemic examination was carried out. FNAC was carried out on 406 subjects while biopsy was done for 123 lesions. The predictive value for FNAC was retrospectively correlated with biopsy results. RESULTS: In the current study, 372 diagnoses clinically correlated to 406 cytological diagnoses. The most common head and neck swellings were Cervical Lymph Node lesions (346) followed by Salivary Gland lesions(37), while the remaining 23 were other head and neck lesions. Out of the 123 biopsies performed, 111 were correctly diagnosed by FNAC itself. Inflammatory lesions (301) accounted for 86.99% of all cervical lymph node lesions. Demographic profile revealed a higher tendency of malignant lymph node lesions in Males (68.9%) and in the older (>50years) age group (55.6%); benign lesions were more common in the young (<20years) [26.2%]. Similarly, Salivary Gland lesions (37) were mostly benign (32) and had a male predilection. 100% accuracy was achieved in the diagnosis of adenomas. Among other head and neck lesions, Lipomas were most common (30.4%) achieving a cytological accuracy of 80%. Through this study, the Sensitivity (76.67%), Specificity (94.62%), Positive Predictive Value (82.14%) and Accuracy (90.2%) for FNAC was obtained. CONCLUSION: FNAC achieved a diagnostic accuracy of 90.2%, and provides the advantage of being less complicated, cheap, and produces a faster result compared to biopsy. Its accuracy, thus, matches histopathology in providing an unequivocal diagnosis. KEYWORDS: Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology; Histology; Lymph Nodes; Salivary Glands. MeSH Heading: Biopsy, Fine-Needle; Histology; Lymph Nodes; Salivary Glands. INTRODUCTION:Pathology has been synonymous with the study of biopsy material for many years. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) emerged as a new advanced diagnostic tool only in the latter half of the 20th century. 1 although, in head and neck lesions, biopsy is still the standard procedure; there is a delay in the processing and patient inconvenience. It requires interdisciplinary communication between the clinician, radiologist, and pathologist. On the other hand, FNAC is relatively easy, safe, quick, and repeatable method which allows rapid interpretation...

Background: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) has been used for diagnosis of salivary gland lesions for many years. Various studies in the existing literature have shown a wide range of sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy of cytologic diagnosis. FNAC is a safe, simple, cost effective, 1-4 accurate and minimal invasive procedure for the evaluation of salivary gland lesions. FNAC is not only useful in planning denitive preoperative 2,5-6 diagnosis but also can prevent unnecessary surgical intervention. Salivary gland swelling occur more commonly in 3rd decade of life with equal sex incidence. Parotid is one of the most commonly involved glands in the head & neck region swellings. FNAC appears to be highly sensitive for benign tumours and highly specic for malignant tumors and it should be the rst line of investigation in evaluating the salivary gland pathologies. 7 Early diagnosis and appropriate management carries good prognosis. Methods: Patients with suspected salivary gland enlargements, referred for FNAC, were included in this study. FNAC was performed by using the standard procedure. Cytologic diagnosis was compared with histopathologic diagnosis wherever it was available. Results: In the present study conducted in the department of pathology, Shyam Shah Medical College Rewa MP, over a period of 5 years, 152 Patients with suspected salivary gland enlargements were retrospectively appraised. The benign lesions of salivary gland were 133 (87.5%), out of which Pleomorphic adenoma was diagnosed in 75 (56.39%) cases, clinical correlation was found in 58 (77.33%) cases. 29 cases were subsequently correlated with histopathological examination 26 correctly correlated and the diagnostic accuracy of FNAC was found to be 89.65%. Inammatory lesions were proved correct in 08 out of 10 cases after histopathology. Therefore, accuracy of FNAC was 80.0%. Malignant lesions of salivary gland were found in 19 cases, out of which 15 (78.94%) cases correlated with clinical diagnosis. 13 cases were subjected to histopathology 10 correctly correlated and the diagnostic accuracy of FNAC was found to be 76.92%. Overall diagnostic accuracy of FNAC was 84.61%. Conclusion:In conclusions it can be established that FNAC is an efcient and accurate procedure with high sensitivity index, and its usefulness is enhanced due to it being a relatively easy procedure which can be carried out even on outdoor patients.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is becoming a global pandemic. The number of people with diabetes in India increased from 26·0 million in 1990 to 65·0 million in 2016. Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been considered as a 'prothrombotic state' with enhanced platelet reactivity. Diabetic patients have an increased risk of developing micro and macro vascular diseases, and platelets may be involved as putative agents owing to their altered morphology, function and activation. It is an established fact that the value of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), a marker of long-term glucoregulation, should be kept below 7% in order to reduce the risk of micro and macrovascular complications in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DMT2) patients. Mean platelet volume (MPV) has been correlated with vascular complications of DMT2. MPV as a marker of platelet size, function & activation may serve as another potential marker of risk of micro-vascular and macrovascular complications in DMT2 patients. Aims-To study correlation between MPV, and HbA1c in DMT2 patients. Methods- Over a period of 24 months, patients aged between 30 to 60 years, diagnosed with DMT2 and subtyped based on American Diabetic Association Criteria (ADA) as having HbA1c either less than 7% - DMT2 (Controlled group) or with HbA1c more than 7% - DMT2 (Uncontrolled group) were included in the present study. Non-diabetic patients ('Non Diabetic Group) were included based on their fasting and post prandial blood glucose levels and served as controls. Venous blood samples were tested for fasting, postprandial and random blood sugar estimation by GOD-POD method, MPV by automated cell counter and HbA1c by HPLC, within one hour of sampling. Results were statistically tested using (R) unpaired t Test by SPSS Software (version 22). Results- Among 236 patients studied, 66 were 'Non-diabetic controls' & 170 were having diabetes (DMT2). Of those having DMT2, 94 patients belonged to DMT2 (Uncontrolled group) 76 patients belonged to DMT2 (Controlled group). MPV in Non-diabetic group, DMT2 (Controlled group) and DMT2 (Uncontrolled group) was 10.01 ± 1.12 , 10.76 ± 1.11  and 11.67 ± 1.83  respectively. MPVwas signicantly higher in DMT2 group compared to Non-diabetic group (10.82 ± 1.31  vs 10.01 ± 1.12 , p < 0.0001), MPV was also signicantly higher in DMT2 (Uncontrolled group) compared to DMT2 (Controlled group) (11.67 ± 1.83  vs. 10.76 ± 1.11 , p < 0.0001). Conclusion- In the present study Mean Platelet Volume was found to be signicantly higher in Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 patient compared to Nondiabetic patients. Higher MPV also correlated with higher HbA1c, being higher in those with higher HbA1c. It can be concluded that MPV may be useful as inexpensive surrogate marker of HbA1c in the diagnosis and prognosis of vascular complications of DMT2 patients.

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection leading to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) causes progressive decline in immunological response in people living with HIV/AIDS, making them susceptible to a variety opportunistic infections (OIs) which are responsible for morbidity and mortality. Therefore early diagnosis and management of opportunistic infections reduce the mortality and morbidity in HIV positive patients. CONTEXT: AIMS: To study the demographic variables; spectrum of opportunistic infections and its correlation with CD4 count in HIV patients. SETTING AND DESIGN: The study was conducted on 200 HIV patients either admitted to Sanjay Gandhi Memorial Hospital or attending ART Center, Shyam Shah Medical College, Rewa (M.P) from January 2013 to October 2014. METHODS AND MATERIAL: A detailed history was recorded with emphasis on personal history, high risk behavior, history of migration, mode of transmission of infection and complete thorough clinical examination was done. Data analysis was done by calculating P value using Chi Square test. RESULTS: Out of 200 HIV patients, most of them (88%) belonged to the age group 20-49 years, 66% were males and 34% were females. 45% were illiterates, 62% were from low socioeconomic class. Majority of patients were married (79%) and 72.2% had seropositive spouse. Unprotected sexual route was the most common (85%) mode of transmission; among which heterosexual route was the only mode of transmission. 59.4% of males contracted infection through unprotected sex with either commercial sex workers (44.8%) or multiple sex partners (14.6%). 61% of patients had history of emigration. Tuberculosis was the most common opportunistic infection (51%), followed by oral candidiasis 30% and chronic diarrhea (9%).Pulmonary Tuberculosis was the most common form of Tuberculosis (64.7%), followed by tubercular lymphadenopathy (15.7%). CONCLUSION: HIV/AIDS has no vaccine or cure, so prevention is the only way to decrease its burden in the society. Health education, safe sex, and creating awareness among the people are the main tools in preventing HIV transmission. Treating physicians should have knowledge of spectrum of opportunistic infection in HIV patients.