Introduction: Objectives: To study the prevalence of domestic torture in Rawalpindi. Study design: Retrospective, cross-sectional. Place and duration of study: DHQ Hospital Rawalpindi, from 1st January 2016 to 31st Dec 2016. Material and methods: Record of Medico-legal cases of domestic violence was obtained from DHQ Hospital Rawalpindi. Analysis of all the domestic torture cases regarding age group involved, injury pattern, pregnant/non-pregnant victims, urban/rural distribution and culprits were done. Results: A total of 118 cases of domestic torture reported at the DHQ Hospital Rawalpindi. All the victims were females, 110 cases of blunt trauma and 8 cases of firearm injuries reported. 12 females were pregnant, the most common age group of victims was 20-30 years, and 113 cases belonged to urban areas as compared to only 5 cases of rural area. Conclusion: Effective legislation, strict implementation, awareness among public and speedy trial is required to control cases of violence in the society. Keywords: Violence, torture, society and domestic.

Background and Aim: Fingerprints are a unique identification tool useful in the forensic investigation for detection of crimes. The probability of two people having an identical pattern of fingerprints is one in 64,000 million. The ridge pattern of fingerprints developed during fetal period do not change throughout their life until skin decomposes. The pattern of fingerprints differ widely with blood group variation. Therefore, the present study aimed to correlate the pattern of fingerprints with blood groups. Methodology: This prospective study was conducted on 178 medical students (MBBS and BDS) in the Department of Forensic Medicine, District Headquarters Hospital and Benazir Bhutto Hospital, Rawalpindi for the period from November 2021 to April 2022. Prior to study conduction, ethical approval was taken from the institutes research and ethical committee. Written informed consent was obtained from each individual. Participants with known blood groups having age range from 17 to 23 years were enrolled. Ink method was used for taking fingerprints. Patterns of fingerprints were categorized as loops, whirl, arches, and composite. SPSS version 25 was used for data analysis. Results: Of the total 178 medical students, there were 48 (27%) male and 130 (73%) females. The overall mean age was 21.6 ± 1.4 years with an age range from 17 to 23 years. Out of total medical students, the incidence of blood group A, B, AB, and O was 53 (29.8%), 31 (17.4%), 19 (10.7%), and 75 (42.1%) respectively. The prevalence of Rh-positive was 90.4% (n=161) among the studied cases. Loop pattern was the most prevalent fingerprints pattern observed in 95 (53.4%) cases. Majority of loop patterns were seen in blood group O participants. Other fingerprints pattern such as whorls, arches, and composite were found in 49 (27.5%), 24 (13.5%), and 10 (5.6%) respectively. Conclusion: The present study concluded that blood group “O” was the most prevalent group followed by A, B, and AB. Loop was the most common pattern of fingerprints among blood groups especially in blood group O. The prevalence of Rh-positive was found higher among the study cases. Keywords: Pattern, Fingerprints, Blood group.

Objective: Aim of this study was to find out correlation between arm span length and height. The regression equation obtained will be used to estimate height from arm span length. Method: Study design: cross sectional study. Study sample: 108 male students of Sialkot medical college. Sampling Technique: Non probability purposive sampling technique was used to select the samples. Selection criteria: Male students of Sialkot medical college having no deformity of limbs and vertebral column were selected. Collection of data: Standing height was measured in inches. Arm span length was measured by extending arms. Statistical analysis: SPSS version 25 was used to perform statistical analysis. Correlation coefficient and regression equation was obtained. Tables and graphs were made. Results: The value of Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.846. A statistically positive very strong and significant correlation was found between height and arm span length. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that arm span length can be used to estimate standing height. The regression equation can be used to predict standing height in a person who can not stand up. Keywords: Arm span length, height, Pearson correlation coefficient. How to cite: Maria G, Asif M, Farid N, Khattak A, Masood R, Ahmed A. Correlation Between Arm Span Length and Height. Esculapio - JSIMS 2022;18(01):52-55.

Objective: To determine the clinical manifestations and prognosis of victims presenting with wheat pill poisoning. Study Design: Prospective Cohort Study. Setting: Emergency Department in District Headquarter Hospital DG Khan. Period: February 2019 to January 2020. Material & Methods: Patients admitted with history of accidental or suicidal wheat pills poisoning were followed over a period of 3 to 6 months. Symptomatic treatment was initially given for 2-3 hours. The patients were retained in CCU for 24 hours before shifting to ward. Research tool (proforma) was designed for collection and interpretation of data. Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation Score 2 (APACHE-2) score was used for prognosis and recovery. Result: Out of 96 victims of aluminum phosphide ingestion male/female ratio was 2:1, 64% (n= 64) were females and 36% (n=32) were males. Higher incidence was found in age group (16–25 years (n= 27 victims). Overall mortality was 63 (65.6%). Conclusion: Wheat pill was a poison of choice among teens and adults in Pakistan as it is freely available and cheap. Arrhythmia and metabolic acidosis are the major causes of death after wheat pills ingestion. Coconut oil was found effective in delaying the absorption.

OBJECTIVES:The aim of the study was to determine (a) most common sites of torture, nature of injuries and their complications and (b) psychological and physical effects of torture on the prisoner’s mental and physical health. METHODOLOGY: It was a cross-sectional descriptive study. The study was conducted on 193 prisoners admitted at District Police Hospital Peshawar over a period of one year. These prisoners were the victims of torture under police captivity. Majority of the victims were prisoners. The data was collected on a Performa mentioning age, duration of captivity; nature of injuries (simple, grievous), weapon used for physical torture (blunt, sharp) and prisoners were interviewed and examined by the medical officers and co-authors. SPSS 20 was used for data analysis. RESULTS: One hundred and eighty (93.2%) of the 193 subjects were male. Average age was 27.4 ±4 years. Hundred (51.8%) prisoners were physically tortured and 92 cases (47.6%) were due to physical assault among prisoners. Out of 92 cases 12 (13.04%) prisoners showed injuries due to strenuous physical work, mostly on palms and soles in the form of blisters. These injuries were carefully examined and correlated with history. Torture methods observed in this study were beating with hands on face (35.6%), whipping with rod (61.6%), kicking on buttock and abdomen (16.4%), forceful dragging (16.4%), burning with cigarettes (12.3%), hanging with hand cuffs (13.7%) and whipping on palms and sole (6.9%). Majority of the cases (74%) were tortured in custody, (12.3%) in prisons, (9.6%) on the street and (4.1%) at home. The impact of physical and psychological torture was variable depending upon the duration of captivity and nature of torture. Patients kept for a longer period 42 (42%) had developed post captivity psychosocial stress syndrome. Physical torture has taken 07 (3%) lives and 24 (12.4%) victims were permanently disabled in this year. CONCLUSION: A wide range of different types of injuries were observed on various parts of the body. Blunt trauma was most frequent. Violation of Istanbul Protocol for violence against torture under police custody was also clear.