Amino-functionalized graphene quantum dots (af-GQDs) with discrete molecular weights and specific edges were self-limitedly extracted from oxidized graphene sheet. Their optical properties can be precisely controlled only by the selective and quantitative functionalization at the edge sites. The af-GQDS exhibit bright colorful fluorescence under a single-wavelength excitation.

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Nontoxicities of organic solvents were predicted using Hansen solubility parameters and various truly nontoxic solvents were identified according to the prediction. The nontoxicity of solvents originates from their exhibition of poor solubility or low diffusivity toward cell constituents and good stability against hydrolytic degradation.

An electrochemical electrode physisorbed with Ni(cyclam) complex molecules containing tetraphenylborate ions (BPh4(-)) as counteranions shows catalytic activity for the reduction reaction of CO2 to CO in an aqueous electrolyte, superior to that of an electrode physisorbed with conventional [Ni(cyclam)]Cl2 complex molecules. The BPh4(-)-containing Ni(cyclam) is inferred as having high hydrophobicity based on its Hansen solubility parameter (HSP), with an interaction sphere excluding HSPs of water in a three-dimensional vector space. The high hydrophobicity of BPh4(-)-containing Ni(cyclam) molecules inhibits their dissolution into aqueous electrolyte and retains their immobilization onto the electrode surface, which we believe to result in the improved catalytic activity of the electrode physisorbed with them. HSP analysis also provides an optimized mixing ratio of solvents dissolving BPh4(-)-containing Ni(cyclam) molecules.