Comparative analyses of neuronal phenotypes in closely related species can shed light on neuronal changes occurring during evolution. The study of post-mortem brains of nonhuman primates (NHPs) has been limited and often does not recapitulate important species-specific developmental hallmarks. We utilize induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology to investigate the development of cortical pyramidal neurons following migration and maturation of cells grafted in the developing mouse cortex. Our results show differential migration patterns in human neural progenitor cells compared to those of chimpanzees and bonobos both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting heterochronic changes in human neurons. The strategy proposed here lays the groundwork for further comparative analyses between humans and NHPs and opens new avenues for understanding the differences in the neural underpinnings of cognition and neurological disease susceptibility between species.

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Objective: We describe the incidence and characteristics of patients with head and neck injuries from rock climbing who present to United States emergency departments and evaluate predictors of hospitalization. Methods: The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) database was queried for rock climbing injuries to the head, face, mouth, neck, and ear under product code “mountain climbing” from the years 2009 to 2018. Demographics, injury characteristics, and disposition data were reviewed. Data were evaluated using chi-square analysis with Cochran-Mantel-Haenszal odds ratios (ORs). Results: An estimated 5067 patients (from 129 raw NEISS case numbers) suffered head and neck injuries from rock climbing nationally from 2009 to 2018. Concussion/closed head injury was the most common injury (44%), followed by laceration (23%), soft tissue injury (15%), neck strain/sprain (6%), skull fracture (3%), facial fracture (3%), intracranial hemorrhage (3%), cervical spine fracture (2%), unspecified facial trauma (1%), and dental trauma (0.3%). Males more frequently suffered lacerations (OR 1.6), soft tissue injuries (OR 23.3), cervical spine fractures (OR 336.7), intracranial hemorrhage (OR 582.0), and skull fractures (OR 6.2) than females. Compared to shorter falls, falls over 20 ft were more commonly associated with laceration (OR 2.0), soft tissue injury (OR 3.5), facial fracture (OR 7.5), dental trauma (OR 6.6), intracranial hemorrhage (OR 951.8), skull fracture (OR 81.2), and hospitalization (OR 3.8). Injuries associated with hospitalization included facial fracture (OR 23.7), cervical spine fracture (OR 24.6), intracranial hemorrhage (OR 2210.2), and skull fracture (OR 9.8). Conclusions: Concussions and facial lacerations are the most common head and neck injuries from rock climbing. Males more commonly suffer severe injuries. Falls over 20 ft are associated with more severe injuries and an increased likelihood of hospitalization.

2C Laryngoscope, 127:1242-1246, 2017.

Objectives Dupilumab was the first biologic approved to treat chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). While the risk of adverse events in phase‐III clinical trials was low, dupilumab‐associated adverse reactions (DAR) with real‐world use is unknown and potentially under‐reported. We aimed to evaluate DAR for CRSwNP treatment (CRSwNP‐tx) using the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). Study Design Retrospective database study. Methods FAERS was queried for DAR from 2019Q1 to 2021Q2. Individual DAR (iDAR) were categorized and quantitatively compared between treatment groups (CRSwNP, asthma, atopic dermatitis). Zero‐truncated Poisson regression was modeled to predict the number of iDAR, and logistic regression was modeled to predict serious DARs. Results There were 15,411 DAR observations; 911 for CRSwNP‐tx, of which 121 (13.3%) had serious reactions and 3 died. Common CRSwNP‐tx iDAR were dermatologic (13.9%), generalized (13.3%), and injection‐site (10.8%) symptoms. The number of CRSwNP‐tx iDAR was 2.99 [2.81, 3.17], compared to 3.44 [3.32, 3.56] for asthma and 3.18 [3.13, 3.24] for atopic dermatitis (Kruskal‐Wallis test, P < .001). For CRSwNP‐tx, iDAR reported‐risk‐ratio was 0.84 [0.77, 0.92] among men and 1.12 [1.04, 1.22] among older adults (>50). Serious DAR reported‐odds‐ratio was 1.37 [0.91, 2.04] among men and 1.39 [0.93, 2.08] among older adults. Conclusions While there are limitations with FAERS, this analysis suggests CRSwNP‐tx is associated with fewer iDAR compared with other treatment indications. More iDAR are experienced among women and older adults, but men tend to have more serious DAR. Level of Evidence 3 Laryngoscope, 132:2307–2313, 2022