Background: Improving breastfeeding practice is important for reducing child health inequalities and achieving several Sustainable Development Goals. Indonesia has enacted legislation to promote optimal breastfeeding practices in recent years. We examined breastfeeding practices among Indonesian women from 2002 to 2017, comparing trends within and across sociodemographic subgroups. Methods: Data from four waves of the Indonesia Demographic and Health Surveys were used to estimate changes in breastfeeding practices among women from selected sociodemographic groups over time. We examined three breastfeeding outcomes: (1) early initiation of breastfeeding; (2) exclusive breastfeeding; and (3) continued breastfeeding at 1 year. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess changes in time trends of each outcome across population groups. Results: The proportion of women reporting early initiation of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding increased significantly between 2002 to 2017 (p < 0.05), with larger increases among women who: were from higher wealth quintiles; worked in professional sectors; and lived in Java and Bali. However, 42.7% of women reported not undertaking early initiation of breastfeeding, and 48.9% of women reported not undertaking exclusive breastfeeding in 2017. Women who were employees had lower exclusive breastfeeding prevalence, compared to unemployed or self-employed women. Women in Java and Bali had higher increase in early initiation of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding compared to women in Sumatra. We did not find statistically significant decline in continued breastfeeding at 1 year over time for the overall population, except among women who: were from the second poorest wealth quintile; lived in rural areas; did not have a health facility birth; and lived in Kalimantan and Sulawesi (p < 0.05).

The media is increasingly recognized as playing an important role in affecting the behaviour of individuals. In this article, we examine the effect of an expansion of private television broadcast on fertility in Indonesia. Our district fixed effects estimation results show that increasing the share of population with access to private television by one‐standard deviation—from a 78% coverage to a universal coverage—reduces crude birth rate by 6.2%, equivalent to 190,000 fewer births. We find evidence that television causes an increase in the use of modern contraceptives, but no change in the use of traditional contraceptives. The finding that expanding television coverage increases the demand for modern contraceptives shows that policy‐makers need to ensure that modern contraceptive is easily accessible.

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has challenged the resilience of Maternal, Neonatal, and Child Health (MNCH) care in Indonesia. Mobility restriction policy and obligatory preventive measures practices could influence the service implementation. Previous literature suggested that communicable diseases outbreak brought fear and mistrust to the health system which resulted in the decrease of service coverage during emergency situations. As one of the world’s worst-hit COVID-19 countries, Indonesia faces considerable challenges in maintaining health services, including MNCH care. This study investigated multi-level factors which become barriers to the implementation of MNCH care during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia.MethodQualitative case study was conducted in three Kabupaten (districts), namely Sidoarjo, Gowa, and Manggarai Barat. The selection of these areas was based on the high COVID-19 cases and different achievements in MNCH indicators’ coverages. Individual in-depth interviews were conducted with 133 people involved in MNCH services, such as women as the main users of the services, health workers, cadres, village representatives, as well as staff from local district health offices. Data were analyzed using the Socio-Ecological Model (SEM) Framework and constant comparative techniques to triangulate information among informants. ResultA total of 133 people participated in the study, of which 67% were women who were pregnant, giving birth, or having children aged under-5 during the COVID-19 pandemic. The factors that affect the utilization of MNCH services were categorized in five socio-ecological levels of analysis, namely individual factors (fear of COVID-19 contraction and awareness of the importance of MNCH services); interpersonal factors (unsupportive extended family and financial barriers); community-based factors (local norms and beliefs, limited transportation services, and geographical barriers), organizational factors (unequal distribution of health resources, ineffective implementation of preventive measures in the health facility, and impractical innovation of services approach), and policy (rapid development of guidelines and ‘one size fits all’ policy issues). ConclusionsFear of COVID-19 contraction and persistent barriers from multi-faceted factors had hindered the effective implementation of MNCH care during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. The Government of Indonesia, along with local governments, are required to develop specific solutions based on the capacity of health resources as well as interactive and multilevel factors which inhibit women’s decision and practice to seek MNCH care in a volatile situation.

Using Logistic Regression and Hedonic Price Model, this study aims to find the social-economic factors infuencing the demand and willingness to pay (WTP) for clean water supply and proper sanitation. This study find that education and age of household head are the affecting factors. Also, it found that per capita expenditure aects the availibilty of access for sanitation and clean water for all household group. WTP for clean water and sanitation in urban is greater than in rural. In additions, WTP of non poor households are greater than poor household, except for urban area.