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BackgroundProlonged periods of high glucose exposure results in human islet dysfunction in vitro. The underlying mechanisms behind this effect of high glucose are, however, unknown. The polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB) is required for stabilization of insulin mRNA and the PTB mRNA 3′-UTR contains binding sites for the microRNA molecules miR-133a, miR-124a and miR-146. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate whether high glucose increased the levels of these three miRNAs in association with lower PTB levels and lower insulin biosynthesis rates.Methodology/Principal FindingsHuman islets were cultured for 24 hours in the presence of low (5.6 mM) or high glucose (20 mM). Islets were also exposed to sodium palmitate or the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IFN-γ, since saturated free fatty acids and cytokines also cause islet dysfunction. RNA was then isolated for real-time RT-PCR analysis of miR-133a, miR-124a, miR-146, insulin mRNA and PTB mRNA contents. Insulin biosynthesis rates were determined by radioactive labeling and immunoprecipitation. Synthetic miR-133a precursor and inhibitor were delivered to dispersed islet cells by lipofection, and PTB was analyzed by immunoblotting following culture at low or high glucose. Culture in high glucose resulted in increased islet contents of miR-133a and reduced contents of miR-146. Cytokines increased the contents of miR-146. The insulin and PTB mRNA contents were unaffected by high glucose. However, both PTB protein levels and insulin biosynthesis rates were decreased in response to high glucose. The miR-133a inhibitor prevented the high glucose-induced decrease in PTB and insulin biosynthesis, and the miR-133a precursor decreased PTB levels and insulin biosynthesis similarly to high glucose.ConclusionProlonged high-glucose exposure down-regulates PTB levels and insulin biosynthesis rates in human islets by increasing miR-133a levels. We propose that this mechanism contributes to hyperglycemia-induced beta-cell dysfunction.

CART is overexpressed in human type 2 diabetic islets and inhibits glucagon secretion and increases insulin secretionAbels, Mia; Riva, Matteo; Bennet, Hedvig; Ahlqvist, Emma; Dyachok, Oleg; Nagaraj, Vini; Shcherbina, Liliya; Fred, Rikard G.; Poon, Wenny; Sörhede-Winzell, Maria; Fadista, Joao; Lindqvist, Andreas; Kask, Lena; Sathanoori, Ramasri; Dekker-Nitert, Marloes; Kuhar, Michael J.; Ahrén, Bo; Wollheim, Claes B.; Hansson, Ola; Tengholm, Anders; Fex, Malin; Renström, Erik; Groop, Leif; Lyssenko, Valeriya; Wierup, Nils Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Abels, M., Riva, M., Bennet, H., Ahlqvist, E., Dyachok, O., Nagaraj, V., ... Wierup, N. (2016). CART is overexpressed in human type 2 diabetic islets and inhibits glucagon secretion and increases insulin secretion. Diabetologia, 59(9), 1928Diabetologia, 59(9), -1937Diabetologia, 59(9), . https://doi.org/10.1007 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights.• Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research.• You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. and if CART affects insulin-and glucagon secretion in vitro in humans and in vivo in mice.Methods CART expression was assessed in human type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic control pancreases and diabetic rodent models. Insulin-and glucagon secretion was examined in isolated islets and in vivo in mice. Ca 2+ oscillation patterns and exocytosis was studied in mouse islets.