Children with many siblings have lower average educational attainment compared with children raised in smaller families, and this disadvantage by sibship size has been observed across many countries. We still know remarkably little, however, about how sibship size disadvantage has changed within countries and how such trends vary across countries. Using comparative data from 111 surveys from 26 low-fertility countries, we find an overall trend of growing sibship size disadvantage across cohorts in the majority of countries: between the 1931-1940 birth cohort and the 1971-1980 birth cohort, 16 of 26 countries showed a statistically significant increase in sibship size disadvantage in education, while only two countries showed a significant reduction in sibship size disadvantage. The disadvantage in years of education associated with having an additional sibling increased remarkably in post-socialist (0.3) and East Asian countries (0.34) and, to a lesser extent, Western European countries (0.2). In contrast, this disadvantage showed little change in Nordic countries (0.05) and even decreased in Anglo-Saxon countries (-0.11). We discuss explanations and implications of our comparative evidence in the context of the intergenerational transmission of education.

A wide body of research over the past 30 years links non-standard work schedules to increased work–family conflict (WFC), but often only within single country contexts. A relatively under-explored question is the extent to which the effects of non-standard schedules on family life might vary by country or be buffered by institutional context. Building on past research, this study uses multilevel modelling techniques on 2004 and 2010 European Social Survey data to explore whether the effects of non-standard schedules on WFC vary across 32 countries in Europe, and if so, whether this contextual variation can be explained by labour regulations and industrial relations characteristics measured at the country level. Findings show that while non-standard work hours and days are associated with increased WFC across the majority of sampled countries, the strength of this association varies significantly between countries. The strongest factor shaping the social consequences of non-standard schedules is the degree to which workers are covered under collective bargaining agreements in a country, which explains as much as 17% of the observed between-country variation in the effects of non-standard schedules on WFC. These findings highlight collective agreements as one of the central mechanisms through which family-friendly regulations on working times and conditions are generated for non-standard schedule workers across Europe. More broadly, findings suggest that when studying the social consequences of non-standard schedules, these arrangements must be contextualized in the broader institutional frameworks within which they are organized and regulated.

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Lenalidomide-based regimens are commonly used for early relapse in patients with relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) receiving at least one prior line of therapy. In the absence of headto-head comparison, matching-adjusted indirect comparison (MAIC) was conducted to demonstrate e cacy and safety of isatuximab+car lzomib+dexamethasone (Isa-Kd) vs. daratumumab+lenalidomide+dexamethasone (Dara-Rd) in RRMM. Patient-level data from IKEMA trial (Isa-Kd, n=179) were matched to aggregate data from POLLUX (Dara-Rd, n=286). Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% con dence intervals (CI) for progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were generated by weighted Cox proportional hazard models. Odds ratios (OR), 95% CI, and p-value were calculated for ≥very good partial response (≥VGPR) and treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs). After matching, no signi cant differences were observed between Isa-Kd and Dara-Rd in baseline characteristics except for patients with >3 prior lines (0.0% vs. 4.9%). Isa-Kd showed signi cantly better PFS (HR [95% CI]: 0.46 [0.24-0.86]; p=0.0155), statistically non-signi cant improvement favoring Isa-Kd in OS (0.47 [0.20-1.09]; 0.0798), and ≥VGPR (OR [95% CI]: 1.53 [0.89-2.64]; p=0.1252) than Dara-Rd. Odds of occurrence were signi cantly lower for some all-grade and grade 3/4 TEAEs with Isa-Kd than Dara-Rd. These results support Isa-Kd as an e cacious treatment for early relapse in non-lenalidomide refractory patients.

Children with many siblings have lower average educational attainment compared to children raised in smaller families. This disadvantage by sibship size has been observed across many different countries. We know remarkable little, however, about how sibship size disadvantage has changed over time within countries and how such trends vary between countries. Using comparative data from 114 surveys from 26 low-fertility countries, we find an increase of the sibsize disadvantage over time in the majority of countries: between the 1931-40 birth cohort and the 1971-80 birth cohort, 16 out of 26 countries showed a statistically significant increase in the sibship size disadvantage in education, while only two countries -Australia and the UKshowed a statistically measurable reduction in the sibship size disadvantage. In many countries, growing differential fertility by parental education played a substantial role in the increasing disadvantage. We discuss possible explanations and implications of the increased disadvantages and the variation in trends and levels between regions and specific countries.