Nowadays, cancer is increasingly becoming one of the foremost threats to human being life worldwide, and diagnosing this deadly disease is one of the major priorities of researchers. Described as a monolayer-thin-sheet of hexagonally patterned carbon atoms, ‘graphene’ is considered an innovative evergreen carbon material ideal for a wide array of sensing applications and nanotechnologies. Graphene-based materials have acquired a huge share of interest in the scope of biosensor fabrication for early and accurate cancer diagnosis. Herein, we have insights reviewed the various routes and technologies for synthesized graphene, and graphene-based materials including 3D graphene (i.e., hydrogels, foams, sponges, porous), and 0D graphene (i.e., quantum dots). Moreover, we have introduced the different types of graphene/graphene-based materials biosensors (i.e., electrochemical biosensors, optical biosensors, field-effect transistors biosensors, electrochemiluminescence biosensors, and microfluidics biosensors) and their merits and applications for cancer pre-stage detection.

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Due to greater specific strength and stiffness than monolithic metal, aluminum matrix composite is in high demand. The present study investigated the interaction of borosilicate glass powder with the AA7075 aluminum alloy matrix. The lower density of borosilicate glass powder compared to AA7075 alloy makes the composite more appropriate for various industrial applications due to the increased material strength. This study uses the stir casting fabrication process to develop microsized borosilicate glass powder-reinforced aluminum matrix composites. The microstructure shows that borosilicate glass powder is near-uniformly distributed throughout the aluminum matrix. It is observed that the 9 wt (%) borosilicate glass powder-reinforced aluminum matrix composite increases the tensile strength by 40.71%, hardness by 21.21%, and impact strength by 34.37% compared to unreinforced aluminum AA7075 alloy. Pin-on-disc wear testing setup was used to determine the wear performance of the base AA7075 alloy and cast composites. The dry sliding wear test revealed that the glass powder-reinforced composites have better wear resistance properties compared to the unreinforced matrix due to the hard and rigid behavior of borosilicate glass reinforcement.

Conducting polymers (CPs) have received a lot of attention because of their unique advantages over popular materials, such as universal and tunable electrical conductivity, simple invention approach, high mechanical strength, low weight, low price, and ease of processing. Polymer nanocomposites have been enthusiastically explored as superlative energy generators for low-power-consuming electronic strategies and confirmed progressive surface area, electronic conductivity, and amazing electrochemical behaviour through expanding the opportunity of utilization. The hybridization of conducting polymer with inorganic hybrid and organic nanomaterials also resulted in multifunctional hybrid nanocomposites with better capabilities in a variety of devices, including sensors, energy storage, energy harvesting, and defensive devices. The capability and assistance of modern advancements for the development of multifunctional nanomaterials/nanocomposites have been presented, as well as the approaches for producing nanostructured CPs. The mechanisms underlying their electrical conductivity, and ways for modifying their properties, are investigated. The ongoing research towards generating superior CP-based nanomaterials is also discussed. This assessment focuses on the important schemes involved in the scientific and industrial use of polymeric materials and nanocomposites intended for the scheme and manufacture of energy strategies such as solar cells, rechargeable batteries, supercapacitors, and energy cells, as well as the waiting problems and their prospects.