Indonesia being an agricultural country produces a large amount of cellulosic biomass such as sugarcane bagasse. This provides a low-cost feedstock for fermentative production of a wide range of fuels, economic, renewable and environmentally friendly. With utilization of renewable energy resource a crisis of energy could be solved. Sugarcane bagasse contains lignocellulose which can be broken down into glucose and produce ethanol by fermentation process. This study describes the pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse with different method of alkaline pretreatment. Sugarcane bagasse was pretreated with heating process (80oC) and without heating process (25oC) and different concentration of Alkaline (NaOH). This study also descibes the influence of fermentation time to refractive index, volume of bioethanol and % Ethanol. The alkaline pretreatment method was able to effectively increase enzymatic disgetibility of sugarcane bagasse cellulose. Based on the best result, the best condition for pretreatment to produce highest cellulose (50,71 %) was pretreatment with heating process and using NaOH 3 N. The highest refractive index was 1,3391 from 5 days fermentation. The highest volume of bioethanol was 16 ml from 7 days fermentation. The highest % etanol was 56 based on standard plot analysis method and 47,708 based on GC analysis method.

In this research, a pyrolysis reactor with a capacity of 5 kg has been designed. Innovation in the pyrolysis reactor is the adsorbents that are used (lime CaCO3 + iron fiber Fe2O3) in the reactor. This study aims to determine the optimal reaction conditions. Tests carried out at 200-400°C temperature intervals and a range of 40-90 minutes. The best product is 86.40% liquid yield at 350°C with a processing time of 90 minutes. ASTM distillation studies of the oil produced showed that 67% fraction was in the range of the light naphtha, 12% fraction was in the range of heavy naphtha and 21% fraction was in the range of the medium naphtha. Comparing the physical parameters of the sample oil with standard fuels, it was observed that the fractions collected were in the range of gasoline, kerosene and diesel oil. This research contributes significantly to increasing knowledge about the feasibility of pyrolysis, providing opportunities for the recycling sector to spread take-off systems, in the Circular Economy.

Research to study the effect of temperature and sulfonation time on the preparation of Methyl Ester Sulfonate (MES) surfactant using CPO-based Methyl Ester (ME) as raw material has been carried out. The temperature was varied 80 o C, 90 o C and 100 o C; while the observation time is carried out every 1 hour to 4 hours. The sulfonating agent was used Na2S2O5 where the mole ratio of ME and the agent was fixed, as well as the type and concentration of the catalyst. The experimental method was carried out in stages starting from sulfonation, bleaching, neutralization, filtering, drying MES, analysis and testing. The best experimental results were obtained at a temperature of 100 o C and a sulfonation time of 4 hours with the resulting MES characteristics, namely iodine number 16.92 g iod / g sample, acid number 4.45 mg KOH / g sample, surface tension 27.4 dyne / cm, and emulsion stability of 50.8 minutes. The best characteristics of Methyl Ester Sulfonate Acid (MES) are density 0.83-0.92 gr / ml, viscosity 1.35 -2.35 cp, and pH 2.26-4.68.

Economic growth and population explosion are chronic problems in big cities which trigger an increase in energy consumption in society. The flow of plastic used has been a dilemma for a long time, so there are thoughts on how to turn plastic waste into something that can be useful. One of the polystyrene plastic wastes can be processed into liquid fuel by cracking. In this research, the process of cracking polystyrene plastic had been conducted by a catalytic cracking process using a bentonite catalyst. This research aims to be determined the effect of the percentage of the catalyst on the percentage of product yield and the characteristics resulting from the catalytic cracking of polystyrene plastic waste using a bentonite catalyst. The catalytic cracking process will be carried out in a thermal catalytic reactor where the process takes place at a temperature of 250 o C with a cracking time of 20, 40 and 60 minutes and the weight of catalyst 4, 6 and 8% as polystyrene waste is 250 gr. The analysis carried out on the final product is a GCMS analysis showed the characteristic nearly to a standard gasoline.

Polystyrene is useful product that widely used today.  But when it becomes waste, Polystyrene can cause environmental problem such as air pollution, soil contamination, as well as economical resistence due to the increase of space and disposal costs.  On the other hand Polystyrene can be converted into fuel.  It is expected can be a solution of the problem.  The aim of this research is to convert polystyrene plastic waste into useful fuel with catalytic cracking process.  Zeolit and Al2O3 was used as catalyst in this research as musch as 8 % feed.  Temperature set at 250 oC.  At the optimum reaction condition (catalyst Al2O3 and the length of cracking time is 30 minutes) the liquid yield of catalytic cracking process was 29.40 %.  Physical properties like density, spgr, oAPI gravity and calorific value of fuel samples is determined and compared to gasoline standard. The result showed that density, spgr, oAPI gravity and calorific value was close to the density, spgr, oAPI gravity and calorific value of gasoline standard.