Over the past few decades, the green synthesis of nanoparticles has gained importance for their therapeutic efficacy and eco-friendly nature. Integrating green chemistry principles into multidisciplinary nanoscience research has paved the way for developing environmentally benign and sustainable methods for synthesizing gold and silver nanoparticles. In the present study, the flowers obtained from Clerodendrum infortunatum (L.), belonging to the family Verbenaceae, have been used for biosynthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to evaluate the anthelmintic potential. UV–Vis spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, SEM and TEM analyses were performed to ascertain the formation of AgNPs. Clerodendrum-derived AgNP (CLE-AgNP) has significantly affected the normal physiological functions of the poultry parasite Raillietina spp., a menace to the livestock industry. Our study manifests that CLE-AgNPs cause considerable distortion of the surface tegument of this cestode parasite leading to changes in the host-parasite interface. The histochemical localization studies of the tegument-associated enzymes viz. AcPase, AlkPase, ATPase and 5’-Nu, exposed to the drug, showed a substantial activity decline, thus establishing the anthelmintic potential of the CLE-AgNPs.

Over the past few decades, the green synthesis of nanoparticles has gained importance for their therapeutic efficacy and eco-friendly nature. Integrating green chemistry principles into multidisciplinary nanoscience research has paved the way for developing environmentally benign and sustainable methods for synthesizing gold and silver nanoparticles. In the present study, the flowers obtained from Clerodendrum infortunatum (L.), belonging to the family Verbenaceae, have been used for biosynthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to evaluate the anthelmintic potential. UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR and TEM analyses were performed to ascertain the formation of AgNPs. Clerodendrum-derived AgNP (CLE-AgNP) has significantly affected the normal physiological functions of the poultry parasite Raillietina spp., a menace to the livestock industry. Our study manifests that CLE-AgNPs cause considerable distortion of the surface tegument of this cestode parasite leading to changes in the host-parasite interface. The histochemical localization studies of the tegument-associated enzymes viz. AcPase, AlkPase, ATPase and 5’-Nu, exposed to the drug, showed a substantial activity decline, thus establishing the anthelmintic potential of the CLE-AgNPs.

Over the past few decades, the green synthesis of nanoparticles has gained importance for their therapeutic efficacy and eco-friendly nature. Integrating green chemistry principles into multidisciplinary nanoscience research has paved the way for developing environmentally benign and sustainable methods for synthesizing gold and silver nanoparticles. In the present study, the flowers obtained fromClerodendrum infortunatum(L.), belonging to the family Verbenaceae, have been used for biosynthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to evaluate the anthelmintic potential. UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR and TEM analyses were performed to ascertain the formation of AgNPs. Clerodendrum-derived AgNP (CLE-AgNP) has significantly affected the normal physiological functions of the poultry parasiteRaillietinaspp., a menace to the livestock industry. Our study manifests that CLE-AgNPs cause considerable distortion of the surface tegument of this cestode parasite leading to changes in the host-parasite interface. The histochemical localization studies of the tegument-associated enzymes viz. AcPase, AlkPase, ATPase and 5'-Nu, exposed to the drug, showed a substantial activity decline, thus establishing the anthelmintic potential of the CLE-AgNPs.

Holarrhena pubescens is a well-known medicinal plant used in ethno-traditional medicine and tribal folklore medicine in West Bengal, India. This article focuses on depicting the anthelmintic efficacy of ethanolic extract and Ethyl acetate fraction of the stem bark of Holarrhena pubescens against the cestode Raillietina spp. through efficacy testing, ultra-structural observations, histochemical and biochemical studies on some tegumental enzymes i.e., Acid Phosphatase (AcPase), Alkaline Phosphatase (AlkPase), Adenosine Triphosphatase (ATPase) and 5′-Nucleotidase (5′-Nu) along with Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) analysis of histochemistry images. Praziquantel was used as the reference drug. Investigations revealed 10mg/ml of crude extract was determined as the most efficacious dose and the Ethyl acetate fraction showed the most anthelmintic property. Ultrastructural studies through Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) clearly showed the damage in head, sucker, proglottids, proximal and distal cytoplasm (DC), microtriches (MT), basal lamina (BL), nuclear membrane (NM), and, nucleolus (NL) in the treated worms. Histochemical studies revealed decrease in staining intensity for all the tegumental enzymes in the treated worms compared to control. The GLCM analysis strongly supported the result of histochemical studies. Biochemical studies revealed marked reduction in enzyme activity in the treated worms with maximum reduction in the activity of 5′-Nu (77.8%) followed by ATPase (63.17%).

In recent years, technology pertaining to nanobiomaterials has taken rapid strides, with the development of novel materials having unique properties. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gained attention among these materials due to their high chemical stability, surface-to-volume ratio, and strong antimicrobial activity. The traditional method for synthesizing AgNPs involves toxic chemicals, which can have negative environmental impacts and pose health risks. Hence, there is a growing need for green synthesis methods for AgNPs that are environmentally friendly and safe for animal and human health. In this study, we explore the green synthesis of AgNPs using calyx fromAbelmoschus esculentus, also known as okra, as an anthelmintic.Raillietinaspp. is a common poultry parasite causing significant economic losses to the livestock industry. It is a major cause of ailment and mortality in livestock, deterring the host health. While chemical-based anthelmintic drugs are available, the increasing prevalence of drug-resistant parasite strains has made searching for new and effective treatments imperative. Although ethnomedicine has been promising for treating various diseases, including parasitic infections, nanoparticles have emerged as a viable alternative to traditional anthelmintic curative development. Our study aims at investigating the recent advances in nanomedicine, particularly AgNPs, as anthelmintic agents, which has shown remarkable alterations in the levels of tegumental enzymes, eventually leading to their paralysis and death. We discuss the mechanisms of action of AgNPs againstRaillietinaspp. and highlight the potential benefits of using biosynthesized curatives that interfere with the host-parasite interface to treat parasite-related disorders.