The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of environmental and social disclosures (ESD) on firm risk in Malaysia. The study utilises stakeholder theory because it explains the responsibilities of the firms towards the wide range of stakeholders that will then contribute to the economic performance of the firms and it has been widely used by researchers in corporate social responsibility studies. The data were collected through content analysis. The extent of ESD was obtained from the annual reports and sustainability reports for the year 2017, while the firm risk was calculated based on the share prices obtained from Bursa Station. The finding indicates the level of ESD is still low among the top 100 listed companies in Malaysia and the result from the hypotheses testing found the relationships between ESD with specific firm risks (total risk, systematic risk, unsystematic risk) are insignificant. The discovery infers investors have minimal demands and reliance on ES information of the country's public listed companies in making financial-related decisions. Apart from investors, other company's stakeholder groups also may not value the importance of ES-related activities including ESD. Nevertheless, this study provides an insight for (i) the regulators namely the government and Bursa Malaysia that continuous initiatives should be performed on ESD guidance and (ii) the companies on the need for new strategies towards a successful implementation of ESD.

This study aims to examine the effect of board attributes on the firm performance of public listed companies in Malaysia during the periods of post-Malaysian Code on Corporate Governance (2007) and post-Malaysian Code on Corporate Governance (2012). Based on the Agency and Stewardship theories, the relationships between CEO duality, board composition, board size, gender diversity, and firm performance on PLCs in the main board of Bursa Malaysia were examined. A sample of 688 companies from 2011, 2012, 2016, and 2017 was observed. Findings indicate that the CEO duality, board size, and gender diversity significantly influence the firm performance in the study periods. Such findings offer interesting insights to the relevant authorities towards designing the bestsuited governance measures that may lead to a successful implementation of corporate governance practice. This study also signals the need for an enhanced role of relevant institutional agencies in strategising and strengthening the corporate governance framework in an emerging country such as Malaysia.