The Effects of Chemical Fertilizers and organic manure on soil fertility focuses primarily on the behavior of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in soil because these two nutrients are the main nutrients that limit crop yields and they are also the nutrients of particular concern for environmental quality. Besides, potassium (K), sulfur (S), macronutrients (primary and secondary), micronutrient and other elements, salts, and sodium, soil pH, EC. CEC and organic matter are covered. Organic fertilizer improves physical and biological activities of soil but they have comparatively low in nutrient content, so larger quantity is required for plant growth. However, inorganic fertilizer is usually immediately and fast containing all necessary nutrients that are directly accessible for plants. But continuous use of inorganic fertilizers alone causes soil organic matter degradation, soil acidity, and environmental pollution. So the combined application of inorganic fertilizer and organic manure has an alternative system for the sustainable and cost-effective management of soil fertility. The objective of the present review is to assess the effect of long-term chemical fertilizers and organic manure on soil fertility. The study revealed that the appropriate application of inorganic fertilizers along with organic manure increases soil fertility than the values obtained by organic or inorganic fertilizers separately.

The imbalanced use of chemical fertilizers under intensive cultivation practices over a period of years leads to various soil‐associated problems particularly nutrient availability. Thus, to examine the effect of long‐term application of balanced and imbalanced inorganic fertilizer and farm yard manure (FYM) application on the chemical fraction of DTPA‐extractable micronutrients under rice–wheat cropping system after 29 years, the observations were recorded from the ongoing field experiment at Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India. An application of balanced inorganic fertilizer with FYM in rice, while without FYM in wheat significantly improved the DTPA‐extractable Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu after rice and wheat crops in both the surface and sub‐surface soil layers. Lowest DTPA‐extractable Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu were recorded, in surface and sub‐surface soil under rice and wheat crops in control. The highest DTPA‐extractable Zn, in both surface and sub‐surface layers of rice (3.31, 1.62 mg kg−1, respectively) and wheat (2.96, 0.99 mg kg−1, respectively) was recorded because of application of N180+P80+K40+Zn(F) + FYM in rice and N180+P80+K40+Zn(F) in wheat. However, the DTPA‐extractable Fe, Mn and Cu were highest in rice and wheat because of N120+P40+K40+FYM and N120+P40+K40 application, respectively. The balanced use of inorganic fertilizer with FYM (N180+P80+K40+Zn(F) + FYM) in rice and without FYM [N180+P80+K40+Zn(F)] in wheat supported the highest rice (6.74 t ha−1) and wheat (3.50 t ha−1) grain yields, while lowest in control. Based on the study results, long‐term application of FYM at 5 tonnes ha−1 in rice crop sustained the availability of DTPA‐extractable cationic micronutrients to rice and wheat in Mollisols.

The sorption-desorption of transition metals, B and S onto phyto-biochars prepared from lantana, pine needles and wheat straw by pyrolysis at 300 °C and 450 °C were studied using the...

The rise in the world’s food demand with the increasing population threatens the existence of civilization with two equally valuable concerns: increase in global food production and sustainability in the ecosystem. Furthermore, biotic and abiotic stresses are adversely affecting agricultural production. Among them, losses caused by insect pests and pathogens have been shown to be more destructive to agricultural production. However, for winning the battle against the abundance of insect pests and pathogens and their nature of resistance development, the team of researchers is searching for an alternative way to minimize losses caused by them. Chitosan, a natural biopolymer, coupled with a proper application method and effective dose could be an integral part of sustainable alternatives in the safer agricultural sector. In this review, we have integrated the insight knowledge of chitin-chitosan interaction, successful and efficient use of chitosan, recommended and practical methods of use with well-defined doses, and last but not least the dual but contrast mode of action of the chitosan in hosts and as well as in pathogens.

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