ABSTRACT Parijoto fruit (Medinilla speciosa B) contains the flavonoid which is one of the phenolic groups compounnd. Flavonoids has biological activities as anti free radical and antionxidants. The aim of this research was to evaluate the potency of ethyl acetat fraction of M.speciosa B. Extract as an antioxidants and antidiabetic. Evaluation of antioxidants activity was carried out by in vitro assay using the ABTS method (2.2 azinobis (3-ethylbenzotiazolin) -6-sulfonic acid), while the antidiabetic assay was carried out using the Nelson-Somogyi method. Research begins with the process of determination, extraction, fravtionation and contiunued by examination of each variable. The parameters of antioxidants activity was determined by IC50 values, while antidiabetic activity was measured by percentage of decreasing of glucoce levels. The results of antioxidants activity showed that ethyl acetate fraction of M. Speciosa B. had antioxidants activity with an IC50 value of 4,246 ppm with a very strong category. In line with these results, ethyl acetate fraction of M. speciosa B. had reduced glucoce levels with an optimal decrease of 50.21% a concentration of 40 ppm.   ABSTRAK Buah Parijoto (Medinilla speciosa B.) mengandung senyawa aktif flavonoid yang merupakan salah satu golongan fenolik. Flavonoid memiliki aktifitas biologis sebagai antiradikal bebas dan antioksidan. Penelitian dilakukan dengan tujuan mengetahui kemampuan fraksi etil asetat M. speciosa B sebagai antioksidan dan antidiabetes. Pengujian aktifitas antioksidan dilakukan secara in vitro dengan metode ABTS (2,2 azinobis (3-etilbenzotiazolin)-6-asam sulfonat), sedangkan uji antidiabetes dilakukan menggunakan metode Nelson-Somogyi. Penelitian diawali dengan proses determinasi, ekstraksi, fraksinasi, dan dilanjutkan dengan pengujian pada masing-masing variabel. Parameter aktifitas antioksidan diwujudkan dengan nilai IC50, sedangkan aktiftas antidiabetes diukur dengan persen penurunan kadar glukosa. Hasil pengujian aktifitas antioksidan menunjukkan bahwa fraksi etil asetat memiliki aktifitas antioksidan dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 4.14±0.08 ppm dengan kategori sangat kuat. Sejalan dengan hasil tersebut, fraksi etil asetat Buah Parijoto (M. speciosa B.) memilili kemampuan dalam menurunkan kadar glukosa dengan penurunan secara optimal sebesar 50.21±0.47% pada konsentrasi 40 ppm.  

Diabetes mellitus is one of the highest causes of death in the world, with symptoms of increased blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia). One of the efforts made as a treatment and prevention of DM is through complementary therapy using natural ingredients. Parijoto fruit (<em>Medinilla speciosa</em>) contains flavonoid compounds potential to reduce glucose levels. The study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of ethanol extracts and its fractions of parijoto fruit (EEBP) to decrease glucose levels in vitro. The study was conducted at the Ngudi Waluyo University Laboratory in April to August 2018. Identification and screening of flavonoid compounds from ethanol extracts and its fractions of parijoto fruit were performed qualitatively and by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). <em>In vitro</em> testing for  antidiabetic activity of EEBP was performed with non-enzymatic reaction by Nelson Somogyi method (ethanol extract and its fractions). Experiment  was arranged in a randomized block design, with 12 treatments and three replications. The concentrations of parijoto fruit tested were 10 ppm, 20 ppm, 30 ppm, 40 ppm, 50 ppm, and 60 ppm. The results of qualitative identification and TLC showed that the ethanol extract and its fraction of EEBP contained flavonoid compounds. At a concentration of 30 ppm, EEBP was able to reduce glucose levels by 42.43 %, while the ethanol fraction decreased glucose levels by 83.38 %. The results showed parijoto fruit ethanol extract and its fractions were sources of antidiabetic. Hence its pharmacologically effect was necessary to be further studied.

Antioxidants are agents that can reduce free radicals. Parijoto fruit (Medinilla speciosa) contains flavonoids that could act as an antioxidant. However, those flavonoids are water-soluble and show low bioavailability. Nanotechnology is a potential approach to improve the bioavailability of flavonoids from Parijoto fruit. This study was conducted to determine the antioxidant activity of parijoto nanoparticles with variations of the chitosan, alginate, and chitosan/alginate encapsulants. Secondary metabolites of parijoto fruit were using the maceration method. The synthesis of parijoto nanoparticles was conducted using the ionic gelation method with chitosan, alginate, and chitosan/alginate encapsulation. Parijoto nanoparticle size and distribution were characterized using Particle Size Analyzer (PSA). The formation of nanoparticles in colloids was determined as a percent. The antioxidant activity of nanoparticle was evaluated using Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) method using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Chitosan encapsulation produced nanoparticles with a size of 269.3 nm, pdI 0.372 and transmittance 99.379%. Alginate encapsulation produced a particle size of 366.4 nm, pdI 0.589 and transmittance 99.690%. The combination of chitosan/alginate encapsulants produced a particle size of 187.00 nm, pdI 0.239 and transmittance 99.894%. Parijoto nanoparticles obtained from chitosan, alginate, and chitosan/alginate encapsulant showed strong antioxidant powers indicated by IC50 values 2.442±0.047 ppm, 3.175±0.169 ppm and 2.115±0.045 ppm, respectively. Altogether, our study shows that parijoto nanoparticles are potent as antioxidant agents.Keywords: Alginate, antioxidant, chitosan, FRAP, Medinilla speciosa, nanoparticle

The optimization of extraction procces for Green betel leaves (Piper betle L.) have been attempted. The aim of the research was to knowing the influence and the ratio of total yield on two different methods, that was using maceration and reflux method and followed by microbial antibacterial by microdilution test to show the qualitative value of MIC percentage of Green betel leaves extract against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The analysis was conducted descriptively for subsequent use as a basis to determined MIC percentage quantitatively. The result of extraction with two methods showed that the highest yield was yielded in reflux process with 18.5% rendement value with the weight ratio of 1: 5 to the maceration process. Phytochemical screening shows the ethanol extract of Green betel leaves contains flavonoid, saponins, and tannins compounds that have activated as antibacterial. The results of microbial antibacterial testing showed that Green betel leaves extract had broad spectrum antibacterial activity which showed by MIC percentage in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli both reflux and maceration extract. The test results indicate that Green betel leaves (Piper betle L.) have potential as an antibacterial candidate.

Daun Jati Belanda (Guazuma ulmifolia Lamk) mengandung flavonoid, saponin dan tanin yang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Streptococcus muatans. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan mengetahui pengaruh ekstrak etanol daun jati belanda (Guazuma ulmifolia Lamk) sebagai kandidat antibakteri terhadap Streptococcus mutans. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah eksperimental murni  dengan desain post tes control group design menggunakan metode difusi sumuran pada 5 kelompok perlakuan. Kontrol positif mengandung Ciprofloxacin, kontrol negatif mengandung aquadest, kontrol media dan kontrol pertumbuhan, perlakuan 1 ekstrak 30% b/v, perlakuan 2 ekstrak 40% b/v, Perlakuan 3 ekstrak 50% b/v. Data hasil di evaluasi menggunakan SPSS 24.0 For Windows dengan taraf kepercayaan 95%. Ekstrak etanol daun jati belanda (Guazuma ulmifolia Lamk) menghasilkan zona hambat bakteri Streptococcus mutans dengan konsentrasi 30% sebesar 1,03 cm, konsentrasi 40% sebesar 1,45 cm, 50% sebesar 1,81 cm, kontrol positif sebesar 1,77 cm, dan kontrol negatif sebesar 0,00 cm. Ekstrak etanol daun jati belanda (Guazuma ulmifolia Lamk) mempunyai aktivitas menghambat bakteri Streptococcus mutans. Pada konsentrasi 50% ekstrak etanol daun jati belanda (Guazuma ulmifolia Lamk) dapat menghambat bakteri Streptococcus mutans yang sebanding dengan ciproploxacin. Kata Kunci: Antibakteri, daun Jati Belanda, Streptococcus mutans.