Paatelainen, R. (2016). Event-by-event fluctuations in a perturbative QCD + saturation + hydrodynamics model: Determining QCD matter shear viscosity in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions. Physical Review C, 93 (2) We introduce an event-by-event perturbative-QCD + saturation + hydro ("EKRT") framework for ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions, where we compute the produced fluctuating QCD-matter energy densities from next-to-leading-order perturbative QCD using a saturation conjecture to control soft-particle production and describe the space-time evolution of the QCD matter with dissipative fluid dynamics, event by event. We perform a simultaneous comparison of the centrality dependence of hadronic multiplicities, transverse momentum spectra, and flow coefficients of the azimuth-angle asymmetries against the LHC and RHIC measurements. We compare also the computed event-by-event probability distributions of relative fluctuations of elliptic flow and event-plane angle correlations with the experimental data from Pb + Pb collisions at the LHC. We show how such a systematic multienergy and multiobservable analysis tests the initial-state calculation and the applicability region of hydrodynamics and, in particular, how it constrains the temperature dependence of the shear viscosity-to-entropy ratio of QCD matter in its different phases in a remarkably consistent manner.

We compute predictions for various low-transverse-momentum bulk observables in √ s NN = 5.023 TeV Pb+Pb collisions at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) from the event-by-event next-to-leading-order perturbative-QCD + saturation + viscous hydrodynamics ("EKRT") model. In particular, we consider the centrality dependence of charged hadron multiplicity, flow coefficients of the azimuth-angle asymmetries, and correlations of event-plane angles. The centrality dependencies of the studied observables are predicted to be very similar to those at 2.76 TeV, and the magnitudes of the flow coefficients and event-plane angle correlations are predicted to be close to those at 2.76 TeV. The flow coefficients may, however, offer slightly more discriminating power on the temperature dependence of QCD matter viscosity than the 2.76 TeV measurements. Our prediction for the multiplicity in the 0-5 % centrality class, obtained using the two temperature-dependent shear-viscosity-to-entropy ratios that give the best overall fit to BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and LHC data is dN ch /dη| |η| 0.5 = 1876 . . . 2046. We also predict a power-law increase from 200 GeV Au+Au collisions at RHIC to 2.76 and 5.023 TeV Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC, dN ch /dη| |η| 0.5 ∝ s 0.164...0.174 .