Aims and objectives: To evaluate sinunasal diseases with the help of nasal endoscopy. To study efficacy of nasal endoscopy in diagnosing nasal pathology over clinical examination. To define medical and surgical functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS), management according to type of nasal pathology. To define applications of nasal endoscopy (biopsy, swab, epistaxis control, foreign body removal, rhinolith removal, follow-up). Materials and methods: Total 100 patients were studied. Patients came with complaints of nasal blocking, nasal discharge, mass in nasal cavity, bleeding etc, included in study. Pre-endoscopic assessment was carried out like history, examination, investigation. Endoscopic was done after consent under necessary anesthesia. Endoscopy was done using 0 and 30º endoscope with three standard passes. Result: Total 100 patients were studied. Male to female ratio was 1.8:1. Out of 100 patients maximum number of patients had chronic sinusitis on nasal endoscopy examination (22); followed by nasal polyp (27) and deviated nasal septum and epistaxis (10). Nasal endoscopy was an excellent diagnostic aid in condition like epistaxis, nasal mass, nasal obstruction, foreign body, nasopharyngeal tumor. Conclusion: Diagnostic nasal endoscopy offers high diagnostic accuracy in patient with sinonasal complaints. Diagnostic nasal endoscopy is gold standard tool in patient having sinonasal complaints. It has high accuracy due to vision control, has less bleeding, minimal complication, and early postoperative recovery. It is a good tool for diagnosing anatomical variation.

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Identification of external branch of superior laryngeal nerve (EBSLN) according to Cernea et al classification and to describe a surgical technique of superior pole dissection to preserve EBSLN during thyroid surgeries.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> The study was done over 2 years period in a tertiary care hospital. 105 nerves were studied among the 90 patients who underwent thyroid surgeries. Avascular dissection over the JOLL’S triangle was carried out and identified EBSLN were classified according to Cernea et al classification. Individual ligation of superior pole vessels was carried out after identifying the nerve. Outcome was studied relating the identified nerve with sides of thyroidectomy performed, size of thyroid gland and nerves at risk according to Cernea et al classification.  </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Of the 105 nerves studied, in 81.90% of patients the nerve was identified. There were 34.88% of Type 1 nerves, 52.33% of Type 2A nerve and 12.79% of Type 2B nerves identified. Less number of nerves could be identified on the left side. Type 2B nerves were more common on left side inspite of less number of dissections carried out on left. Type 2 variation was more common in large goiters.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Careful dissection should be done in superior pole in avascular cricothyroid space, with lateralization of superior pole and individual identification of superior pole vessels once the nerve is identified. Identification of the nerve is mandatory in all patients who undergo thyroid surgery for optimal functions of the larynx. These results showed a better identification of nerves by proper surgical techniques without use of any sophisticated equipments. </p>

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