This paper analyses the barriers to innovation and innovativeness in the Ghana National System of Innovation (GNSI) in terms of the quadrilateral relationships between the following four actors: (a) government; (b) medium-and high-technology industries; (c) knowledge-based institutions; and (d) arbitrageurs (venture capital, finance capital and knowledge brokers). The paper contributes to research on systems of innovation in view of the wide recognition of the importance of National System of Innovation (NSI) for economic performance. The barriers to innovation in Ghana identified, through factor analysis, provide a framework to isolate systemic problems and enable policy makers to enhance effective policy delivery at the system level. This empowers the four actors to overcome the specific barriers to innovation and thus enabling the overall GNSI, through increased effectiveness and efficiency, to achieve higher levels of competitiveness. We find that barriers to innovation and innovativeness in Ghana factor significantly into the following: skills-Information and Communication Technology (ICT) capability/capacity; unsophisticated markets; deficient fiscal policy; and organisational risks.Keywords: Innovation, National Systems of Innovation, Innovation policy, Quadruple helix
ResumenEste artículo analiza las barreras a la innovación e inventiva en el Sistema Nacional de Innovación Ghana (SNIG) en términos de las relaciones entre los siguientes cuatro actores: a) gobierno, b) industria de la media y alta tecnología, c) instituciones del conocimiento, y d) árbitros (capital de riesgo, el capital financiero, y agentes del conocimiento). El documento contribuye a la literatura de los sistemas nacionales de innovación en vista del amplio reconocimiento de su importancia para el crecimiento de la economía. Las barreras a la innovación en Ghana, identificadas mediante análisis factorial, proporcionan un marco conceptual para identificar problemas sistémicos y así mejorar la formulación y ejecución de políticas públicas. Esto permite a los cuatro actores mencionados superar las barreras específicas para la innovación y al GNSI en general lograr mayores niveles de competitividad. Nuestros resultados muestran que las siguiente barreras a la innovación (y a la capacidad de innovación) son importantes: Capacidad de las tecnología de la comunicación, mercados no sofisticados, política fiscal deficiente; y riesgos organizacionales.
AннoтaцияB нacтoящeй paбoтe иccлeдуютcя бapьepы иннoвaций и иннoвaциoннocти нa пpимepe Haциoнaльнoй иннoвaциoннoй cиcтeмы Гaны в paмкax чeтыpexcпиpaльныx взaимocвязeй мeжду cлeдующими aктopaми: a) Пpaвитeльcтвo; б) Cpeднe-и Bыcoкoтexнoлoгичныe пpoизвoдcтвa; в) Иccлeдoвaтeльcкиe инcтитуты; и г) Apбитpaжepы (вeнчуpныe фoнды, инвecтициoнныe фoнды и пocpeдники нa pынкe знaний). Cтaтья пocвящeнa иccлeдoвaнию иннoвaциoннoй cиcтeмы в кoнтeкcтe бoлee шиpoкoй oцeнки вклaдa Haциoнaльнoй иннoвaциoннoй cиcтeмы в экoнoмичecкoe paзвитиe. Бapьepы иннoвaций нa пpимepe Гaны oпpeдeлeны мeтoдoм Фaктopнoгo aн...
This paper presents a comparative analysis of the determinants of the Effectiveness and Efficiency of the Ghana National System of Innovation (GNSI) and the Kenya National System of Innovation (KNSI). Two regression analyses is performed on the level of innovativeness of Business Enterprises (BE) (Effectiveness) and of the strength of linkages between Research institutes (RI) and the Production System (Efficiency) with respect to an array of independent variables of the National System of Innovation (NSI). We find that the GNSI and the KNSI are conformed by actor linkages and ICT positively with respect to Ghana and negatively in the case of Kenya. Lack of Finance is a significant determinant in the GNSI whereas adequacy of Human Resources is a significant determinant for the KNSI. In both countries Level of Innovativeness of BEs and Strength of RI Linkages with the Production System are significant in the modeling.
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