We have shown the relationship between seasonal, annual, and large-scale variations in convective available potential energy (CAPE) and the solar cycle in terms of temperature at the 100-hPa pressure level using daily radiosonde data for the period 1980 • N, 77. • E) and Trivandrum (8.5• N, 77.0 • E), India. In general, there was a tendency for increases in CAPE to be associated with decreases in temperature at the 100-hPa pressure level on all time scales. Decreasing linear trends in temperature were found at Delhi and Kolkata over the period [1990][1991][1992][1993][1994][1995][1996][1997][1998][1999][2000][2001][2002][2003][2004][2005][2006]. Our analysis suggests that the trend towards increasing convective activity in the troposphere leads-at least partly-to the trend towards cooling in the tropopause region. High CAPEs are, in general, associated with high rainfall. The minimum annual temperatures were observed almost simultaneously with enhanced annual CAPE during the northern summer, with a larger anti-correlation (−0.62) over Delhi than at other stations. The influence of the solar cycle on the control of temperature was significant (∼4-5• C) only around 8-10• N. Temperature variations in the upper troposphere are viewed as being jointly controlled by CAPE and the solar cycle, with the respective contribution of each being location-dependent.

Relationship of outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR) with convective available potential energy (CAPE) and temperature at the 100-hPa pressure level is examined using daily radiosonde data for a period 1980-2006.1 • E) and Kolkata (22.3 • N, 88.2 • E), and during 1989-2005 over Cochin (10 • N, 77 • E) and Trivandrum (8.5 • N, 77.0 • E), India. Correlation coefficient (R xy ) between monthly OLR and CAPE shows a significant (∼−0.45) anti-correlation at Delhi and Kolkata suggesting low OLR associated with high convective activity during summer (seasonal variation). Though, no significant correlation was found between OLR and CAPE at Cochin and Trivandrum (low latitude region); analysis of OLR and temperature (at 100-hPa) association suggests that low OLR peaks appear corresponding to low temperature at Delhi (R xy ∼ 0.30) and Kolkata (R xy ∼ 0.25) during summer. However, R xy between OLR and temperature becomes opposite as we move towards low latitudes (∼8 • -10 • N) due to strong solar cycle influence. Large scale components mainly ENSO and quasi-biennial oscillaton (QBO) that contributed to the 100-hPa temperature variability were also analyzed, which showed that ENSO variance is larger by a factor of two in comparison to QBO over Indian region. ENSO warm conditions cause warming at 100-hPa over Delhi and Darwin. However, due to strong QBO and solar signals in the equatorial region, ENSO signal seems less effective. QBO, ENSO, and solar cycle contribution in temperature are found location-dependent (latitudinal variability) responding in consonance with shifting in convective activity regime during El Niño, seasonal variability in the tropical easterly jet, and the solar irradiance.

Novel developments in the synthetic techniques that facilitate rapid access to various functionalized heterocyclic compounds are essential in medicinal chemistry. They enable an expansion of the available drug-associated chemical space and enhance the efficiency of drug delivery. In addition, the creation of more robust synthetic techniques that can increase the drug yield can enhance the drug production rate. While researchers and manufacturers utilize established synthetic techniques during a program aimed at drug discovery, the innovation of heterocyclic synthesis processes that permit varied bond formation strategies is influencing the pharmaceutical industry in the most significant way. This review focuses on the utilization of some novel methods of activation of the C-H bonds, hydrogen borrowing catalysis, photoredox chemistry, regio-and stereoselective synthesis, and multi component reactions for the functionalization and creation of heterocycles that aided in driving project delivery.

The purpose of the study is to empirically examine the sectoral-specific performance of the five-factor asset pricing model comprising of 17-years’ data in the Indian stock market using the Fama–French methodology. The results highlighted the better performance of a five-factor model in the “Basic Material” and “Oil” industries. However, for the “consumer” industry, there is an existence of other risk factors which can better explain the portfolio’s excess returns. The result further demonstrates the better explanatory power of the five-factor model in explaining the portfolio excess return for the “Industrial” sector. However, the findings support the better applicability of market mode for the “financial” sector in the Indian stock market. For the “Health Care” and “Technology” industries, the addition of two more risk factors does not lead to much improvement in the model’s explanatory power. The current study evaluating the applicability of the asset pricing model will have a practical implication for portfolio managers, policymakers, researchers, and academicians in evaluating the performance of the portfolios on a sectoral basis and in determining the cost of equity in the overall cost of capital. The study will also aid the investors in their investment decision-making by helping them to identify the average stock return in different sectors.

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