In spite of the devastating effect of tuberculosis in man arid animals, studies regarding bovine tuberculosis have not been done. in the Sulaimani districts so far, the aim of the present study was to investigate for the first time, the prevalence of tuberculosis in cattle in the Sulaimani districts" The study was carried out among five groups of bovine (the pregnant cattle at last two months of gestation, recentiy parturient cattle (two months after parflrition), under six months age calves, calves of six months to two years old heif'ers and cattle above h+,o ],ears old (but not belonging to the first and second groups), from June to December 2000. The study includes the field observation, using the single intradermal comparative tuberculin test (SIDT) which involved (4012) cattle from different Sulaimani dishiets (Sulaimani center, Halabja, Penjwen, Rania, Chamchamal, Darbandikhan). The field observation has shown it (5.1%) positive reactors to (SIDT). The results have revealed highest positive rate in Halabja district, where the rate was (9%) and lowest rate in Darbandikhan. where the rate was (1.5%), while different prevalence were detected (3.59L, 4%, 53% and 6%) in Chamchamal. Penjwen, Sulaimani center and Rania respectively. The prevalence rate was also high (6.1%) in a group of cattle that were classified at a stage of two months after delivery (two months from parturition) and no incidence was detected in a group of calves under six months of age. Out of 207 SIDT positive reactor cattle, (117) sputum samples were examined by direct smear with Zihle - Neelsen stain, positive result was 37 (31.7%) only The samples were also cultured on Modified Lowenstein- Jensen media, which showed 45 (38.5%) positive growth. This study included also the abattoir observation, by routine meat inspection of 7375 carcasses that have been slaughtered in Sulaimani abattoir, the result revealed 65 {A.9%) positive carcasses that showed typical lesions of tuberculosis. The samples from the lesions were submitted to the microbiological and histopathological examinations that confirmed the preliminary diagnosis. The photos are also shown.

Background  Entamoeba histolytica is a unicellular protozoon that conceder as a common cause of dysentery in human especially in the children under 6 years old. This may be transmitted via the ingestion of cystic stage of the parasite.  Objectives  This study aimed to investigate the total rate of Entamoeba histolytica infection in children admitted to the Pediatric Teaching Hospital in Sulaimani City, and considering some other aspects such as culturing and detecting subtypes using polymerase chain reaction (PCR).  Patients and Methods This epidemiologic study includes 1005 stool samples collected from children aged 6 months to 6 years old from the 1st of Jun to the 30th of October 2014. Each stool sample was examined and identified by direct wet mount method using normal physiological saline and iodine solution, followed by culturing and isolation of the parasite for 14 days to elongate life span and then genomic amplification applied from the cultured Entamoeba histolytica by appropriate PCR based method. Results The result of rapid kit occult blood combined with microscopic wet mount (iodine) showed that the infection with E. histolytica was (12.9%), in which the rate in male (14.18%) was higher than that female (11.42%), with no significant difference between both genders. cultured E. histolytica showed a great ability of this parasite to grow, with detection of the parasite under light microscope (40X). Then two standard kits were used specific primer (1147, F&R), and thus about 1147bp PCR produced. Then, nested PCR was performed for the same PCR products two different primers (246 F&R) which resulted in fragments of approximately 246bp. This fragment coding for the 16S SSUrDNA gene of HM-1IMSS 16s E. histolytica confirms the previous PCR amplification finding. The results of sequence methods identified E. histolytica subtype 1 from PCR positive samples by sequencing alignment (99%) similarity with accession number KB823016.  Conclusion The prevalence rate of infection with E. histolytica in Pediatric Teaching Hospital in Sulaimani City was (12.9%). Beef extract medium for culturing of E. histolytica showed a great ability for growing of the parasite cystic form. E. histolytica subtype1 can be detected by sequencing method for the first time in molecular genotype of human E .histolytica in Sulaimani city.

Background Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) causes bovine tuberculosis (BTB), is an endemic disease in cattle and poses a high risk of spreading to humans. Objective This study aimed to determine M. bovis in cattle and assess the similarities between cattle and humans through molecular methods and histopathological examinations. Methodology Randomly, blood samples from 411 healthy appearance cows (1% of the target population) in five districts in Sulaimani province, Iraq, were collected from January to March 2022. Sera were obtained immediately and used for ELISA test to determine M. bovis. Additionally, the disease prevalence was confirmed by gross lesions at the slaughterhouse and histopathological examination of collected lymph nodes. Moreover, a PCR assay was used to detect M. bovis in suspected cow samples and previously diagnosed human samples. Gene sequencing and phylogenetic tree analysis were also done to determine the molecular differences between animal and human M. bovis. Results Using an ELISA test, 46 (11.11%) of 414 samples were positive, while 368 (88.89%) were negative without significant differences between the districts (p > 0.05). According to postmortem lesions at the slaughterhouse, only three cows were infected with TB, and typical gross lesions were calcified necrotic and multiple well-demarcated granulomas. The molecular test using two primers (CSB2 and oxyR gene) revealed that M. bovis was found in animal and human extra-pulmonary lymph nodes with no molecular change. Conclusion Healthy cows harbored M. bovis, the causative agent of a contagious disease that spreads and causes a persistent health problem in humans.

Mycoplasma agalactiae is one of the causal agents of classical contagious agalactia (CA). It occurs in many parts of the world and most notably in the Mediterranean Basin. The aims of this study were isolation and molecular identification of Mycoplasma agalactiae for the first time in Kurdistan region from goats showing contagious agalactia and in vitro evaluation of the activities of different antimicrobial against Mycoplasma agalctiae. During the period of January 2011 to November 2012 a total of 126 milk samples were collected (68 from Slemani governorate and 58 from Arbil governorate) from goats that had clinical signs of CA. Mycoplasma agalactiae was recovered from 102(81%) milk samples out of (126) divided as; 58 (85.3%) out of 68 milk samples in Slemani governorate were positive for M. agalactiae while 44(75.9%) out of 58 milk samples were positive in Arbil governorate. All isolates were confirmed by amplification of 1624 bp uvrC gene by PCR assay. GenBank accession number of the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of Slemani and Arbil isolates were reported in this study is (KC 594646), (KC 594647) respectively. The isolates in current work from both governorates were showed 99% homology to each other and the topology of the phylogenetic tree indicated that both field isolates were clustered together and they were belonging to sub linage that contain most of PG2 strains. Danofloxacine and Azithromycine showed a great effectiveness against all isolates and may be considered as standard treatment for CA in this region.