Background: Young girls up to 20 years of age comprise a quarter of Indian female population. A vast majority of adolescent girls in India are affected by reproductive health issues and menstrual problems are one of them. These problems arise mostly due to false beliefs & poor awareness regarding menstrual cycle. The objective of the study was to assess knowledge, attitude and practices towards menstrual cycle and its problems among school girls. Methods: A cross sectional study among 250 girls (age 13-19 years) each from government and non-government schools of Jodhpur City was carried out by interviewing them with predesigned & pretested questionnaire. Results: Most of the girls of non-government schools considered menarche as a different experience of life (34.8%) and unhygienic (27.6%) while 41.6% of government school girls were scared due to menarche and 30% considered it as unhygienic. 59.6% of non-government school girls knew about menstrual cycle before menarche while 48.8% of government school girls had such knowledge. Mother was the commonest channel of information in both study groups. 12-14 years was the most common age groups in which menarche occurred in both study groups. About 2/3 of non-government school girls were using sanitary pads while only ¼ of government school girls had such practice. High cost was the major reason for not using sanitary pads in Govt. school girls. Pain Abdomen was the commonest complaint faced during menstrual cycle followed by backache. About 4/5th of non-government school girls and about 2/3rd of government school girls attended school during menstrual cycle. All subjects faced some kind of domestic restriction due to disbelief in relation to menstrual cycle. Irritability was reported as most common psychological problem during menstrual cycleConclusions: There is a need for adolescent girls to have accurate and adequate information about menstruation appropriate sanitary and hygienic management.

Background: Assessment of the foetal wellbeing is done by various biophysical methods. Non stress test (NST) is the most commonly used test for antepartum evaluation of foetal status. It involves the use of doppler-detected foetal heart rate acceleration coincident with foetal movement perceived by mother. Duplex sonography and its off-shoot, colour duplex sonography, are relatively newer methods that combine the pulsed echo technique of sectional image formation with the doppler evaluation of blood flow.Methods: The comparative study was carried out on 200 booked term pregnant patients in the department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Dr. S. N. Medical College, Jodhpur Rajasthan, India. All patients were subjected to non-stress test and colour doppler and were evaluated for placental histopathology and foetal outcome in terms of low APGAR score, number of NICU admissions and perinatal mortality.Results: In our study it was found that in high-risk group 25% had non-reassuring NST and 19% had doppler findings suggestive of foetal hypoxia. In the control group 13% had non-reassuring NST and 4% had doppler findings suggestive of foetal hypoxia. It was seen that when either NST was non-reassuring or colour doppler suggested foetal hypoxia or both, these patients required admissions antenatally, had meconium stained liquor suggestive of foetal distress, had operative delivery for foetal distress, had low APGAR score, required NICU admission, and higher perinatal mortality.Conclusions: Doppler and NST are effective in predicting a normal healthy foetus. Doppler depicts chronic hypoxic changes while NST can detect acute events in presence or absence of chronic hypoxia.

Background: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy pose significant risks to maternal and fetal health, contributing to global morbidity and mortality. Despite extensive research, these disorders remain a public health concern, necessitating the identification and prediction of associated risks for effective prevention and management. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted in a hospital setting, involving 200 antenatal women visiting the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology for routine checkups over a six-month period. Sample size calculation was based on expected sensitivity and prevalence rates. Inclusion criteria were defined, and clinical examinations were performed on the participants. Results: Higher serum β-HCG levels were significantly associated with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Low levels correlated with 12 out of 122 cases, while high levels correlated with 59 out of 78 cases. Two deaths were linked to hypertensive disorders. Age did not show a significant association, but variations were observed among religious groups. Conclusions: This study concludes that higher serum β-HCG levels are significantly associated with the development of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Age did not show a significant association with these disorders, suggesting the involvement of other contributing factors. The findings provide valuable insights for clinical management and further research in this field, contributing to a better understanding of the etiology and predictors of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.

Submission of an original paper with copyright agreement and authorship responsibility.I (corresponding author) certify that I have participated sufficiently in the conception and design of this work and the analysis of the data (wherever applicable), as well as the writing of the manuscript, to take public responsibility for it. I believe the manuscript represents valid work. I have reviewed the final version of the manuscript and approve it for publication. Neither has the manuscript nor one with substantially similar content under my authorship been published nor is being considered for publication elsewhere, except as described in an attachment. Furthermore I attest that I shall produce the data upon which the manuscript is based for examination by the editors or their assignees, if requested.Thanking you.

Background: AIDS, caused by HIV, is a global health threat that weakens the immune system and leads to life-threatening infections. India has been heavily affected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic due to a lack of accurate information and prevention efforts. Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is a significant factor in HIV spread. Knowledge of HIV status through voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) is crucial. Despite efforts, HIV/AIDS remains a major public health challenge in India. Methods: A study at Dr. S.N. Medical College focused on pregnant women in the antenatal clinic. Using a questionnaire, data was collected from 100 participants on socio-demographics, HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Results: Most participants were aged 21-30, with 48 having 6-10 years of education. The majority identified as Hindu, and 89 were housewives. The study revealed gaps in HIV/AIDS knowledge, with many participants lacking awareness and having misconceptions. Stigma and fear were also prevalent, but recognition of abstinence as a preventive measure was observed. Conclusions: Targeted interventions, education, and awareness campaigns are necessary to enhance knowledge, dispel misconceptions, and reduce HIV/AIDS stigma among pregnant women in antenatal clinics. Policies, programs, and preventive strategies should be developed to reduce HIV/AIDS incidence and prevalence. Future research should address knowledge gaps, promote understanding of HIV/AIDS, and focus on preventing mother-to-child transmission, ultimately working towards ending AIDS as a public health threat.