Summary:Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) pneumonia in BMT recipients carries a mortality rate of approximately 50-70% despite ribavirin (Virazole) treatment. In both immunocompetent and immunocompromised animal models, RSV neutralizing antibodies rapidly reduce pulmonary virus load after a single dose. RSV-IGIV (RespiGam) is an IgG immune globulin with high concentrations of RSV neutralizing antibody (Ͼ19 200 MU/ml). From June 1991 to February 1996, a compassionate-use protocol using RSV-IGIV for treatment of RSV infections was conducted. Eleven children at multiple centers, mean age 3.3 years (4 months to 9 years), were undergoing BMT and met the protocol criteria. They received a single 1500 mg/kg dose of RSV-IGIV infused over 12 h at a median of 5 days (1-37 days) after RSV symptom onset. Ten of these patients received prior or concurrent aerosolized ribavirin. Serum RSV neutralizing titers were measured in five patients and showed a 3-to 30-fold increase 24 h after RSV-IGIV infusion. Adverse events were mild. One of 11 (9.1%) patients died from their RSV illness (91% RSV survival). In comparison to previously published reports, RSV-IGIV treatment of RSV pneumonia in BMT patients may increase survival above that in such patients treated with ribavirin alone. Bone Marrow Transplantation (2000) 25, 161-165. Keywords: respiratory syncytial virus; bone marrow transplantation; immune globulin; treatment; ribavirin; palivizumab Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a well recognized and often fatal complication of bone marrow transplantation. Upper or lower respiratory tract infection (URTI/LRTI) with RSV has been reported to occur in 7% to 20% of hospitalized BMT patients, primarily during the 6-month winter season (November to May). 1-3 Many of these RSV infected patients develop pneumonia and face a high risk of mortality. [1][2][3] The reported mortality rate in BMT patients who develop RSV-LRTI approaches 100% for those not treated with antivirals and 50% to 70% for those promptly treated with ribavirin (Virazole). [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] From the literature, it appears that there are no survivors among RSV-LRTI transplant patients who progress to mechanical ventilation before antiviral therapy has been initiated. 2,12 Although RSV pneumonia occurring more than 100 days post-BMT has been associated with lower mortality rates, 12,13 the mortality rate of RSV pneumonia does not differ before and after engraftment during the early post-transplant period. 3,14 Aerosolized ribavirin is the only Federal Drug Administration (FDA) approved drug for treatment of established RSV disease, 15 but its efficacy in BMT patients with RSV pneumonia is considered poor. The beneficial effects of immune globulin therapy on established RSV disease have been clearly demonstrated in experimental animals. In both immunocompetent and immunocompromised animal models of RSV infection, IgG immune globulin preparations have been shown to rapidly reduce the pulmonary virus load after a single large parenteral dose. [16][17][1...