Historically, budgets have played a key role in management control. However, recently, budgets have become the subject of considerable criticism and debate. The goal of developing and implementing a budgeting system is to create an instrument for the efficient organization of the activity management of an institution and its structural units by planning, controlling incomes and expenses, and analyzing economic and financial indicators. Methodical approaches to the budgeting-based organization of internal control determine the tasks and subtasks of management that construct an efficient system for making, implementing, controlling, and analyzing managerial decisions. Some argue that budgeting problems stem from how budgets are used, while others say that the budgeting process needs to be revised, as a result, a call for systematic examination of issues against empirical evidence. Nevertheless, most firms' budgets continue to be used for control purposes and are perceived to be value-added. While problems exist with budgets, organizations are adapting their use to account for these problems rather than abandoning budgets altogether.

Terrorism has had a substantial economic effect all over the world. Statistical analysis from the literature review demonstrates the costs of the global economy at approximately 33 billion dollars in 2018 and 855 billion dollars since 2000 (Iqbal et al., 2019). After the domestic terror attacks on 11 September 2001, terrorism increased dramatically, with the sharpest upsurge between 2011 and 2014 following the post-Arab uprising violence in Syria, Libya, Yemen, and Egypt. With the rise of the Islamic State terrorist group in the Middle East, conflicts in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Pakistan became more intense.The imposition of economic sanctions has been related to an increase in domestic terrorism, postulating that when sanctions impair the financial functioning of the target country, feelings of bitterness and despair are intensified among the poor, who may lash out by turning to domestic terrorism. Terror events would appear more likely where states fail to provide, or reduce, an economic safety net to mitigate the transformative effects of economic development. Financial performance generally leads to terrorist violence. Economic sanctions lead to a rise in the rate of domestic terrorism. Terrorism is rarely found to influence growth in bivariate and trivariate specifications causally. Countries featuring minority groups' economic discrimination are significantly more likely to experience domestic terrorist attacks. In contrast, countries lacking minority groups or whose minorities do not face discrimination are considerably less likely to experience terrorism. Highly democratic and long-enduring states are less prone to domestic terrorism than less democratic states.

Public administration captures extensive policy formulation, implementation, and continuous monitoring and evaluation. Sound policies are contrived on current and future social, economic, and political implications. The coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic projected an extensive challenge to policymakers in healthy crises, economic collapse, and political and social systems disruptions. The study examines the impacts Covid-19 has on public policy and the budget process regarding executive decisions in the United States (USA). Relying extensively on previous scholarly undertakings, the researcher established themes regarding general budgeting processes that understand the federal budget processes, policy development, and criteria for evaluating their effectiveness. Through descriptive and empirical analysis, public budgeting policies were examined regarding territorial effects, fiscal impacts, political party differences, and overall mortality rates. Findings postulate that political party differences exist in public policy and budgeting processes. However, the policymakers quickly suggested and formulated ideal policies to curb the impacts of Covid-19 in the USA. Although Covid-19 brought several positive effects, it outweighed the adverse impact on the US economy. The territorial consequences, such as supporting vulnerable populations, are exemplary during a pandemic. Progressively, anchoring federal budgeting and policy development processes on sound data is ideal and practical.

The technological progress of the 20 th and 21 st centuries has increased the risk of manufactured disasters. In contrast, the current political landscape has led to a surge of threats related to terrorism. Nevertheless, one aspect of emergency management has remained relevant throughout the centuries. Since the dawn of life, humanity has been subject to dangerous natural phenomena. Natural disaster remains widely used across settings and differentiates between human-conditioned and less controllable events caused by environmental processes. Volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, hurricanes, and floods have become the reason for millions of deaths across history. Despite considerable progress, natural disasters remain an essential risk factor on the scale of the whole planet. Therefore, the oldest element of emergency management has always been one of its crucial aspects. It explores the relevant risks while introducing a framework to mitigate the consequences of the impact of nature's forces. Additionally, the proposed approach to the study of the mechanisms for optimizing the functioning of social organizations, whose tasks are aimed at ensuring the safety of people in conditions of constant natural and manufactured risk, will contribute to the further theoretical and empirical study of similar problems in other areas of national security.

Disasters stipulate unfortunate remembrances of susceptibilities within society. Disasters often suddenly affect communities and result in the untimely loss of functions and social systems. Therefore, formulating preparedness policies and awareness of uncertainty is essential when addressing emergency management. The success of the emergency management approach within the community often relies on the leadership structure imposed. Leadership also helps to promote emergency management practices and provide new reserves to support emergency preparedness and funds for sustainability and resilience. This study concentrates on the whole community principle in handling disasters and emergencies. The whole community management strategy further maps preparedness-related capacities and community engagement in disaster control. Partnership with participants across the entire society program and efficient community management can result in significant disaster preparedness and response. The research will constitute a quantitative methodology, specifically, a survey on members of the Safeguard Iowa Partnership (SIP), an emergency management firm, on the organization's whole community emergency leadership strategy. The Whole Community leadership model in emergency management proved its effectiveness through the survey conducted in SIP. Data will also be collected using the Organizational Leadership Evaluation Survey (OLA) from all the SIP members from various economic sectors. The OLA has six features that help gauge the organization's leadership strength. The quantitative methodology suggested an association between the perceived essence of Whole Community management and the perceived efficiency of FEMA's role in the emergency management preparedness process.