The study was conducted in order to conduct a review of the importance of ecophysiology of forage plants, to address the impacts of biotic and abiotic factors on plants and their morphological and physiological responses. The physical stress caused by soil compaction affect the development of the root system, is this condition plant shown as response greater emission lateral roots as an alternative to explore larger volume of soil. The flooding condition affect forage species differently. In this environment, the most adapted plants present the formation of adventitious roots. In dry condition tolerant plants have the ability to deepen the root system, besides their anatomical and physiological modifications to survive. Grazing reduces the photosynthetic apparatus of plants and to recover from defoliation and maintain productive changes occur in the population of tillers and the relationship between source and sink of the remaining organs. In the shadow environment the most limitation is the low solar radiation. Forage under the influence of shadow prioritize assimilates partition to shoot at the expense of roots and also have anatomical and physiological adaptations in the leaf blade to intercept and absorb more light. The nutrient deficiency impairs the growth of the plant community, as an alternative the same stimulate the development of the root system in order to meet the demand for this resource. The plant adaptation to biotic and abiotic factors promote changes in its characteristics to ensure survival, but that does not necessarily imply maintaining production of the organs of interest. However, such changes must be known to respect the limits of use and ensure of forage production efficiency.
RESUMO -Este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar as características estruturais da Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk. Foram avaliadas quatro alturas de plantas (10, 20, 30 e 40 cm) dentro de uma mesma pastagem, em um delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com duas repetições. A variação na altura inicial das plantas no pasto de capim-braquiária apresentou resposta linear e negativa. As massas de lâmina foliar verde, colmo verde, material morto, forragem verde e forragem total aumentaram linearmente com a altura das plantas no pasto.Contrariamente, houve redução linear na relação lâminas foliares verdes/colmos verdes com a altura das plantas no pasto (de 1,16 para 0,58). A altura das plantas no pasto teve efeito mais pronunciado sobre o aumento das massas de colmo verde e material morto que sobre a massa de lâmina foliar verde. A densidade volumétrica de lâminas foliares verdes decresceu (de 97,09 para 39,07 kg/cm.ha de MS) com a altura das plantas no pasto. Mesma resposta ocorreu para as densidades volumétricas de forragem verde (de 181,62 para 107,85 kg/cm.ha de MS) e forragem total (de 283,39 para 195,72 kg/cm.ha de MS). Por outro lado, não houve efeito da altura das plantas no pasto sobre as densidades
Understanding the growing process and fruit size differences among peach cultivars is extremely important in the technological domain of the crop and can provide information to improve the proper crop management (thinning and harvesting seasons) and the crop breeding of fruits with a larger caliber. However, this information is still incipient in subtropical regions and requires further research, especially in Brazil. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of temperature on the growing of four peach cultivars (Tropical, Aurora-2, Ouro Mel-4, and Biuti) under subtropical conditions of field cultivation. Fruit development was determined every two weeks throughout the cycle with 30 fruits from previously identified branches from six different plants of each cultivar. Regarding the thermal accumulation in growing degree-days (GDD), the cultivar ‘Tropical’ showed the lowest agronomic fruit properties (size and mass) and required a lower GDD accumulation during the development stages of the fruits, whereas the cultivar ‘Biuti’ showed higher thermal requirements and higher agronomic properties. The number of cells had greater influence on the final fruit size than the cell area.
RESUMO.Objetivou-se estudar a relação entre o número e o peso de categorias de perfilhos em pasto de Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk sob lotação contínua com bovinos. O pasto foi manejado com altura média de aproximadamente 25 cm. Foram avaliadas quatro alturas de plantas no mesmo pasto (10, 20, 30 e 40 cm), em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com duas repetições. Os números de perfilhos vegetativos, vivos e totais reduziram linearmente com a altura da planta. O número de perfilho reprodutivo aumentou de forma linear com a altura da planta (de 8 para 84 perfilhos m
RESUMO.O objetivo foi avaliar as características estruturais da Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk em relação à planta daninha Solanum sisymbrifolium no pasto. Os tratamentos foram dois locais no mesmo pasto, quais sejam, próximo e distante da planta daninha. O delineamento foi em blocos ao acaso com três repetições. O pasto foi manejado sob lotação contínua, com bovinos e com altura média de aproximadamente 25 cm. Foram quantificadas as densidades populacionais das categorias de tamanho dos perfilhos, a altura, a interceptação de luz, as massas e as densidades volumétricas dos componentes morfológicos do pasto. No local distante da planta daninha houve maior ocorrência de perfilhos com tamanho inferior a 20 cm. Já no local próximo da planta daninha, predominaram perfilhos com tamanho superior a 40 cm. A presença da planta daninha ocasionou aumento na altura do pasto e incremento na interceptação de luz pelo dossel. As massas e as densidades volumétricas de lâmina foliar viva, colmo vivo e material morto foram inferiores no local próximo da planta daninha em relação ao local distante. A ocorrência da planta S. sisymbrifolium provoca variabilidade espacial da vegetação no pasto de B. decumbens manejado sob lotação contínua com bovinos.Palavras-chave: densidade volumétrica de forragem, interceptação de luz, lotação contínua, massa de forragem, Solanum sisymbrifolium.ABSTRACT. Structure of signalgrass in relation to weeds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the structural characteristics of Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk in relation to Solanum sisymbrifolium in pasture. The treatments were two sites in the same pasture, near and far from the weeds. A randomized block design with three replications was used. The pasture was managed under continuous stocking and grass height was kept at about 25cm. Densities were quantified for categories tiller size, height, light interception, masses and volumetric densities of morphological components of the pasture. In the site far from the weeds there is a higher occurrence of tillers with size smaller than 20 cm. In site near the weeds, tillers larger than 40 cm prevailed. The presence of weeds caused an increase in sward height and light interception by the canopy. The masses and volumetric densities of living leaf, stem, living and dead material were lower in the site near the weeds in relation to the remote site. The occurrence of S. sisymbrifolium causes spatial variability of vegetation in B. decumbens pasture.Keywords: forage bulk density, light interception, continuous stocking, forage yield, Solanum sisymbrifolium. IntroduçãoPode-se considerar como planta daninha aquela que ocorre onde não é desejada. Contextualizando para áreas de pastagens, uma planta daninha seria aquela que não se integra de forma contínua à dieta do animal e que, por sua frequência, traz prejuízos ao sistema de forrageamento, pela redução significativa da frequência e produção de espécies forrageiras desejáveis, com consequente diminuição da capacidade de suporte da pastagem e do desempe...
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