Background and Aim: Environmental impacts from carcass management are a significant concern globally. Despite a history of costly, ineffective, and environmentally damaging carcass disposal efforts, large animal carcass disposal methods have advanced little in the past decade. An outbreak today will likely be managed with the same carcass disposal techniques used in the previous decades and will likely result in the same economic, health, and environmental impacts. This article overviews the results of one field test that was completed in Virginia (United States) using the aboveground burial (AGB) technique and the disposal of 111 foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) infected sheep in Tunisia using a similar methodology.

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The primary design and fabrication parameters by which a diamond turned optic can be specified are categorized as either surface quality or optical figure.

Two cases of emphysematous pyonephrosis are presented and discussed. Resulting from the extension of a renal infection into an obstructed collecting system, emphysematous pyonephrosis usually occurs in patients with diabetes mellitus, is usually unilateral, and generally has a poor clinical prognosis. Sonographically, emphysematous pyonephrosis presents as strong echoes near the renal sinus with acoustic shadowing and/or reverberation artifacts.