We demonstrate fluorescence microscopy of individual fermionic potassium atoms in a 527-nmperiod optical lattice. Using electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) cooling on the 770.1-nm D1 transition of 40 K, we find that atoms remain at individual sites of a 0.3-mK-deep lattice, with a 1/e pinning lifetime of 67(9) s, while scattering ∼ 10 3 photons per second. The plane to be imaged is isolated using microwave spectroscopy in a magnetic field gradient, and can be chosen at any depth within the three-dimensional lattice. With a similar protocol, we also demonstrate patterned selection within a single lattice plane. High resolution images are acquired using a microscope objective with 0.8 numerical aperture, from which we determine the occupation of lattice sites in the imaging plane with 94(2)% fidelity per atom. Imaging with single-atom sensitivity and addressing with single-site accuracy are key steps towards the search for unconventional superfluidity of fermions in optical lattices, the initialization and characterization of transport and non-equilibrium dynamics, and the observation of magnetic domains.Ultracold fermionic atoms in an optical lattice realize an impurity-free analog of electrons in crystalline materials, with full control of parameters such as interaction strength, dimensionality, and tunneling [1,2]. Furthermore, ultracold systems can study many-body physics in scenarios currently inaccessible to materials, such as gauge fields equivalent to thousands of Tesla [3][4][5], interactions at the unitary limit [6], and quantum manybody physics far from equilibrium [7]. With sufficient control and probes, these experiments can be considered analog quantum simulations [8,9]. However, two important tools have been lacking: imaging and addressing fermionic atoms at the single-site and single-atom level [9]. When applied to bosonic atoms, these tools have already been dramatically successful [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20].High-resolution imaging and manipulation of ultracold fermions solves several outstanding problems at once. First, in-situ spatial probes directly reveal the order parameter of insulating phases, magnetic domain formation, and other correlations inaccessible in time-of-flight imaging [13,14,19]. Second, an ensemble of density distributions provides a direct measure of entropy [13,14], extending thermometry of lattice fermions [21]. Third, manipulation of atoms with single-site precision can initiate dynamics [15,16], project or remove disorder [14], and selectively remove high entropy atoms to perform in-situ cooling [22,23].This year, five research groups have succeeded in imaging single fermions in an optical lattice: three using Raman sideband cooling [24][25][26] and two using EIT cooling [27], including the results reported in this Article. Our approach is distinguished by a unique imaging configuration, and takes a further step by implementing threedimensional spatial addressing, which is used here for selective removal of atoms from the lattice. Figure 1 ill...

A meaningful percentage (>40%) of patients respond to a course of rTMS treatment. Response does vary with a number of clinical and demographic variables but none of these variables exert a sufficiently strong influence on response rates to warrant using these criteria to exclude patients from treatment.

Lymphocytic alveolitis portends a poor prognosis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected subjects. Because alveolar lymphocytes consist predominantly of HIV-specific CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), they could represent an appropriate immune response to infected cells in the lung, and be a surrogate marker for a high pulmonary viral burden. We assessed long-term outcome in a cohort of asymptomatic HIV-infected subjects who underwent bronchoscopy between 1990 and 1993 and had bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) available for determination of viral load by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The ability to detect HIV in BALF increased with disease progression. Lymphocytic alveolitis, although present at all stages of HIV infection, was most pronounced in patients with middle stage disease. The HIV viral load as measured by bronchoalveolar lavage correlated with the percentage of alveolar lymphocytes in patients with peripheral blood CD4(+) cell counts above 200/microliter. Including patients with CD4(+) cell counts < 200/microliter weakened this correlation, possibly because of replacement of CD8(+) CTL by CD8(+) suppressor cells in advanced disease. Free virus in BALF was a stronger predictor of HIV disease progression than was lymphocytic alveolitis. These data suggest that lymphocytic alveolitis in HIV-infected subjects occurs in response to viral antigens in the lung and that the poor prognosis associated with lymphocytic alveolitis reflects a high pulmonary viral burden.