A new methodological procedure has been developed based on the vigilance task for investigating attentional deficits. The subject is directed to respond to visual signals which occur randomly within a temporal sequence of visual events noted as a pattern of flashing lights. The procedures successfully differentiate between children with learning disabilities and normal control subjects. The procedure allows attentional deficits in children to be studied in such a way as to bring variables not previously controlled under experimental scrutiny. The procedure has potentialities as a diagnostic tool.

A grade 6 reading level is required to read and understand the AUA symptom index. A significant percentage of patients cannot read the index and require assistance from others for its completion. This assistance may introduce significant interviewer bias, potentially altering study outcome.

The effects of a visual distractor on vigilance task performance were examined in a sample of LD and normal children. The vigilance task provides quantitative measures of the attentional deficit which is characteristic of many LD children. The results support previous findings that LDs tend to have a lower correct detection rate and higher false alarm, or random response, rate than normals. Detailed analysis supported the idea that most of the differences between these two broad groupings of children could be attributed to the hyperactive LDs. The study provided further support for the notion that the parameters of constructs such as Learning Disability can be Investigated and brought under experimental control.

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BackgroundNerve growth factor (NGF) is a key regulator of pain and anti-NGF therapy reduces osteoarthritis (OA) associated pain. However, anti-NGF therapy is associated with rapidly progressive OA (RPOA) [1]. In hip OA there is a 5-fold increase in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from MRI bone marrow (BM) lesions, areas associated with OA progression [2]. MSCs in such lesions are uniformly positive for the NGF receptor, p75, which is also linked to chemotaxis and proliferation in other stromal cell compartments [3].ObjectivesEvaluate anti-NGF treatment in monoiodoacetate (MIA) induced OA and test whether NGF influences human BM-MSC function.MethodsHuman tibial plateau (TP) bone was isolated from patients undergoing total knee replacement. OA was induced in male Wistar rats (n=6) by intra-articular injection of 0.3 mg MIA. Each animal was treated with subcutaneous injection of control human IgG or anti-NGF (3 mg/kg) at Days 5, 10 and 15. Human and animal tissues sections were prepared for histological analysis using H&E staining and immunohistochemistry (IHC) using anti-p75 and anti-NGF antibodies. BM-MSCs were isolated from iliac crest aspirates and cultured under normal conditions. Expression of p75 was induced following overnight incubation with 400mM ethanol (EtOH) and confirmed by flow cytometry. Proliferation was assessed ± EtOH and 0–1 μg/ml NGF.ResultsRegions adjacent to cartilage loss in human TP showed abundant stromal proliferation, NGF and p75 immunoreactivity. In MIA model, by Day 18 there was substantial loss of cartilage, bone remodelling and stromal proliferation mimicking human disease. By Week 4 animals demonstrated unequal weight-bearing (p<0.05). Anti-NGF provided sufficient analgesia to normalise weight-bearing. Compared to IgG control, arthropathy progression was faster (Fig) with complete cartilage loss, bone marrow necrosis and cyst formation by Day 21. p75 immunoreactivity was greatly reduced in MIA-injected rats receiving anti-NGF compared with IgG. NGF positive staining was widespread in naïve and MIA-injected knees, but almost absent from MIA-treated knees of anti-NGF treated rats.To investigate increased p75 positivity in knee OA, we restored p75 expression loss in expanded cell, to 97% of BM-MSCs (n=3) using EtOH. Increased MSC proliferation was seen at Days 6 and 9 (26%, p=0.03 and 30%, p=0.01 increase respectively, n=7) for 1 μg/ml NGF in the presence of EtOH compared to control (no NGF). In cultures without EtOH induction (absent p75) NGF had no effect.ConclusionsTP bone from OA patients and rat MIA-treated subchondral bone contains p75 positive staining in regions of cartilage destruction and associated NGF positivity. Anti-NGF treatment exacerbated MIA-induced OA and reduced NGF and p75 expression. In vitro, NGF increased BM-MSC proliferation, suggesting NGF may be involved in the stromal proliferation seen at sites of OA damage. Thus, NGF may regulate MSC function. Complete blockade represents a novel mechanism for accelerated joint destruction in OA.References Hochberg MC et al. A...