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Antipsychotic drugs are monoamine receptor antagonists. However, the mechanisms by which these direct actions are translated into therapeutic effects are unknown. Candidate mechanisms include receptor-mediated regulation of gene expression in target neurons. Inducible transcription factors, including certain immediate early genes (lEGs), may mediate between receptor-activated second messenger systems and expression of genes involved in the differentiated functions of neurons. We examined the specificity of induction of the EEGs c-fos and zif268 after acute administration of several antipsychotic drugs and, for comparison, the stimulant amphetamine, which has pharmacologic effects relatively opposite to those of antipsychotics. Antipsychotic drugs with potent dopamine D2 receptor antagonist properties, such as haloperidol, induced both c-fos and zif268 mRNA in the caudateputamen; however, the atypical antipsychotic drug clozapine induced zif268 but not c-os mRNA in that region. Similarly, haloperidol, but not clozapine, induced c-Fos-like immunoreactivity in the caudate-putamen. In contrast, both drugs induced c-Fos-like immunoreactivity in the nucleus accumbens. Like haloperidol, amphetamine induced both c-os and zif268 mRNA in the caudate-putamen, but the anatomic patterns of induction of c-Fos-like immunoreactivt by the two drugs were dramatically different. Haloperidol and amphetamine induced AP-1 binding activity in cell extracts from the caudate-putamen, indicating that drug-induced EEG expression results in protein products that may function in the regulation of target gene expression. Thus these data demonstrate that inductions of EEG expression by haloperidol, clozapine, and amphetamine are specific, may be biologically relevant, and suggest avenues for further investigation.The antipsychotic drugs are effective in the treatment of severe psychiatric disorders. However, their serious side effects and limitations in efficacy have spurred a search for better compounds. A more complete understanding of the pharmacology of antipsychotic drugs would provide important clues for the development of improved treatments. Because the full therapeutic effects of antipsychotic drugs generally take several weeks to emerge, it has been postulated that their interactions with neurotransmitter receptors are merely the initial step in their actions and that the therapeutic effects result from adaptive processes that may occur in response to repetitive or chronic receptor occupancy by the drugs. An important candidate mechanism for such drug-induced neural plasticity is receptor-mediated regulation of neuronal gene expression. The induction of cellular immediate early genes (IEGs) may be a critical signal transduction step in neural plasticity induced by neurotransmitters and drugs, with the protein products of IEGs functioning to activate or repress genes that encode proteins involved in the differentiated functions oftarget neurons. In particular, it has been reported that the IEG c-fos is induced in rat striatum...

Proposals to make governance “more efficient” by reducing or limiting the faculty role in shared governance are likely to diminish institutional effectiveness.

JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.. Ohio State University Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of Higher Education.Institutions of higher education are always under pressure to become more efficient and effective. In response, many have attempted (either voluntarily or under mandate) to adopt new management systems and processes that were originally designed to meet the needs of (presumably) more efficient business or governmental organizations. One contemporary observer, referring to "the hum of corporate buzzwords" in the academy, has commented that "a person would be hard pressed these days to find a college that doesn't claim to be evaluating or reshaping itself through one of these approaches" (Nicklin, 1995, p. A33). This "hum" is not new; it has been a feature of the higher education landscape for at least the past forty years.Among the first of these processes was the Planning, Programming, and Budgeting System (PPBS), initially developed by Rand for use by the Defense Department and adopted by many higher education institutions in the early 1960s. Among the most recent are Business Process Reengineering (BPR), and Benchmarking. In between, business management scholars have documented over two dozen management innovations that were proposed between 1950 and 1990 (Pascale, 1990), some of which were adopted by institutions of higher education. The development and advocacy of new management approaches in both nonacademic and academic management continues, and at an increasing pace. The Journal of Higher EducationIn the business sector these new ideas are often "presented as universally applicable quick-fix solutions-along with the obligatory and explicit caution that their recommendations are not quick fixes and will require substantial management understanding and commitment. As many managers will attest, the result has been a dazzling array of what are often perceived as management fads-fads that frequently become discredited soon after they have been widely propagated" (Eccles & Nohria, 1992, p. 7).Many of these management innovations, when adopted by higher education, also exhibit the characteristics that led Allen and Chaffee (1981) to define them as fads; they are usually borrowed from other settings, applied without full consideration of their limitations, presented either as complex or deceptively simple, rely on jargon, and emphasize rational decision making. Following Allen and Chaffee, I use the term "fads" to refer collectively and non-pejoratively to certain higher education management innovations enjoying brief popularity, a use consistent with the definition in Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (p. 444) of a fad as "a practice or intere...