Nanosphere lithography has been used to prepare a series of ordered, periodic arrays of low barrier height nanometer-scale n-Si/Ni contacts interspersed among high barrier height n-Si/liquid contacts. To form the arrays, ordered bilayers of close-packed polystyrene spheres were deposited onto (100)-oriented n-type single crystal Si surfaces. The spheres formed a physical mask through which Ni was evaporated to produce regularly spaced and regularly sized Si/Ni contacts. By varying the diameter of the latex spheres from 174 to 1530 nm, geometrically self-similar Si/Ni structures were produced having triangular Si/Ni regions with edge dimensions of 100-800 nm. The resulting Si surfaces were used as electrodes in contact with a methanolic solution of LiClO 4 and 1,1′-dimethylferrocene +/0 . The current-voltage and photoresponse properties of these mixed barrier height contacts were strongly dependent on the size of the Ni regions, even though the fraction of the Si surface covered by Ni remained constant. Electrodes formed from large-dimension Si/Ni and Si/electrolyte contacts behaved as expected for two area-weighted Schottky diodes operating independently and in parallel, whereas electrodes having nanoscale Si/Ni regions surrounded by Si/liquid contacts behaved in accord with effective barrier height theories that predict a "pinch-off" effect for mixed barrier height systems of sufficiently small physical dimensions.

A series of ordered, periodic arrays of low barrier height n-Si/Ni nanometer-scale contacts interspersed among high barrier height n-Si/liquid contacts were prepared by evaporating Ni through bilayers of close-packed latex spheres deposited on n-Si. By varying the diameter of the spheres from 174 to 1530 nm, geometrically self-similar Si/Ni structures were produced having triangular Si/Ni features ranging from approximately 100 to 800 nm on a side. The resulting Si surfaces were used as electrodes in methanolic electrochemical cells containing LiClO4 and 1,1′-dimethylferrocene+/o. The dark current density–voltage properties of the resulting mixed barrier height contacts were strongly dependent on the size of the low barrier height contact regions even though the fraction of the Si surface covered by Ni remained constant.

The electron cloud that is formed in the narrow gap material in a modulation-doped heterostructure affects the Schottky contact made to the wide gap material. It also influences absorption and collection of the optically generated carriers. Photocurrent spectra, current–voltage, and current–temperature measurements show that the increase in electron cloud density decreases dark current flow while increasing photoresponsivity. We propose that the Coulombic interaction between the confined electron cloud and the emitted electrons from metal to the wide gap material increases the barrier height. The electric field in the direction of growth due to modulation doping accounts for the increase in photoelectron collection efficiency. Implementation of this effect increases efficiency of photodetectors while, simultaneously, reducing the noise due to dark current.

Why is it that tip convolution effects rotate with the scan angle in a Nanoscope-based AFM (and possibly other systems)? The tip certainly doesn't rotate in its holder as the scan angle is changed! I posed this question on the SPM mailing list, and got several answers in return, but I was still puzzled until I put all of them together and thought a while. However, I may not be the only puzzled soul out there, so let me attempt to summarize what I've come to understand:A good way to think about this is to consider a righttriangle tip approaching a cube on a surface:If the tip approaches the cube along the plane of the page screen, the left side of the cube will appear sharp in an AFM image and the right side of the cube will have a slant introduced into it due to a tip convolution effect.

Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. AUTHOR(S)CAPT ROSSI ROBERT C FUNDING NUMBERS PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND COLLEGE PARK Abstract This paper describes current innovations developed or used by prosecutors as applied specifically towards domestic violence. Both the increasing demand for a more effective criminal justice system response to domestic violence and the changing role of the prosecutor have fostered the development and implementation of many innovative strategies for dealing with the unique issues and problems related to domestic violence. After discussing the history of domestic violence prosecution and its influence on the changing role of the prosecutor, the paper reviews four general types of initiatives currently employed by prosecutors specific to domestic violence cases. Each is described in terms of its prevalence, advantages, limitations, and relative success. General limitations and constraints inherent to domestic violence, prosecution, and policy evaluation are also discussed. Finally, policy recommendations relative to current research and practice are presented. Given the lack of conclusive research and the variability among jurisdictions, prosecutors must often rely on their own evaluations in measuring the effectiveness of their programs. While most innovations are tested largely only through direct implementation, continued research is certainly warranted, and should be undertaken in conjunction with the most promising practices. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)