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Oak pollen has great potential to be used in reconstructing paleovegetation and paleoclimate. Pollen grains from Holocene sediments of Rolla, Missouri, USA were studied. The goal of this study was to evaluate the morphology of dispersed oak pollen using light and electron microscopy. Three types of oak pollen were recognized: Group 1, Group 2, and Group 3. They occurred in the sample in the following approximate percentage: 52, 32 and 16% respectively. Pollen of Group 1 corresponds to that of white oaks, pollen of Group 2 to that of red oaks. Pollen of Group 3 differs from oak pollen known for the studied region. While electron microscopy shows a good prospect for a detailed interpretation of dispersed oak pollen, many factors should be taken into account when assessing past vegetation: the paleo-forest density, location of sampling, apparent wind direction during pollination, and the “resolving ability” of pollen morphology for different oak species. The intensity of flowering and direction of the pollen transport can significantly influence the quantity of pollen of a particular species in the spectrum. The possibility of medium or long-distance transport of a small quantity of oak pollen from other regions should also be considered in the interpretations of fossil spectra.

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A multi proxy investigation was carried out on three outcrop sections (NL4, NL8, NL10) in the Upper Cretaceous Numanha Formation in the Yola Arm of the Upper Benue Trough, northeastern Nigeria. The Numanha Formation is a predominantly shale sequence that preserves the Turonian-Coniacian depositional history of a rift basin influenced by both the Tethyan and Atlantic oceans. Thirty-eight samples from two sections (NL4 and NL10) were analyzed for palynofacies characterization of the sedimentary organic matter contents, while the total organic carbon (TOC) and carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratios were analyzed in 44 samples from all three sections. Palynofacies data confirm an overall marginal marine (estuarine) depositional setting for the Numanha Formation which was strongly impacted by terrestrial and freshwater sources of sedimentary organic matter. This interpretation is based on the following observations: 1) near constant presence of marine dinoflagellate cysts and/or benthic planispiral microforaminiferal inner test linings; 2) abundant vascular plants fragments such as opaque, structured, and degraded phytoclasts with fluxes of cuticles at certain intervals; and 3) near constant presence of the freshwater alga Pediastrum which was also recorded in high proportions at certain intervals. TOC contents in the majority of the analyzed samples were generally low (<1%), indicating poor organic matter preservation potential probably due to high energy and well oxygenated conditions. C/N ratios were mostly below 20 in the samples from all sections, and confirm the inferred marginal marine depositional setting. There were, however, two exceptionally high C/N anomalies in all three sections. The anomalies were especially pronounced in the NL4 section, and were also associated with elevated TOC contents. It appears that these anomalies represent periods of increased terrestrial input, which were also associated with selective diagenetic consumption of nitrogen by microbial degradation.