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Purpose A phase I study was conducted to determine safety, clinical efficacy, and anti-tumor immune responses in patients with advanced non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) following intratumoral (IT) administration of autologous dendritic cells (DC) transduced with an adenoviral (Ad) vector expressing the CCL21 gene (Ad-CCL21-DC). We evaluated safety and tumor antigen-specific immune responses following in situ vaccination (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01574222). Experimental Design Sixteen stage IIIB/IV NSCLC subjects received two vaccinations (1 × 106, 5 × 106, 1 × 107, or 3 × 107 dendritic cells/injection) by CT- or bronchoscopic-guided IT injections (days 0 and 7). Immune responses were assessed by tumor antigen-specific peripheral blood lymphocyte induction of IFN-γ in ELISPOT assays. Tumor biopsies were evaluated for CD8+ T cells by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and for PD-L1 expression by IHC and real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Results Twenty-five percent (4/16) of patients had stable disease at day 56. Median survival was 3.9 months. ELISPOT assays revealed 6 of 16 patients had systemic responses against tumor associated antigens (TAA). Tumor CD8+ T cell infiltration was induced in 54% of subjects (7/13; 3.4-fold average increase in the number of CD8+ T cells per mm2). Patients with increased CD8+ T cells following vaccination showed significantly increased PD-L1 mRNA expression. Conclusions Intratumoral vaccination with Ad-CCL21-DC resulted in 1) induction of systemic tumor antigen-specific immune responses, 2) enhanced tumor CD8+ T cell infiltration, and 3) increased tumor PD-L1 expression. Future studies will evaluate the role of combination therapies with PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibition combined with DC-CCL21 in situ vaccination.

These preliminary results show that percutaneous RF ablation is a safe and technically feasible management option for unresectable pulmonary malignancies. CT densitometry may have potential for future use as a noninvasive method of following up tumors after RF ablation.