Objective:To determine whether select shoulder exercises influence shoulder-rotation strength, active angle reproduction (AAR), single-arm dynamic stability, and functional throwing performance in healthy individuals.Design:Pretest–posttest.Setting:Laboratory.Participants:54, randomly placed in 4 training groups.Intervention:Four 5-week training protocols.Main Outcome Measures:Average shoulder-rotation torque, AAR, single-arm dynamic stability, and functional throwing performance.Results:Repeated-measures ANOVAs revealed a significant group-by-test interaction for average torque (P> .05). Post hoc analyses revealed significantly increased average torque in the open kinetic chain and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) groups after training. AAR and sway velocity were not affected in any of the groups (P> .05), but functional performance revealed a significant group-by-test interaction (P< .05). Post hoc analysis demonstrated that the PNF group significantly improved after training (P< .05).Conclusions:Shoulder strength can be improved in healthy individuals, but improvements depend on the exercise performed. Shoulder proprioception and neuromuscular control were unchanged in all groups, but functional performance improved in the PNF group

A multicomponent pheromone produced by male cabbage looper moths that is attractive to female moths in a flight tunnel bioassay was isolated and identified. Based on analyses of hairpencil extracts of male cabbage loopers and volatiles emitted by males, the pheromone has been identified as a blend consisting of (S)-(+)-linalool,p-cresol, andm-cresol. The chirality of the major component, (S)-(+)-linalool, is important for behavioral response of females. These pheromonal compounds were also identified as volatiles released by males when males were exposed to the principal pheromone component of female cabbage loopers, (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol acetate. The amount of male pheromone released was increased significantly when males were exposed to a combination of (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol acetate and the odor from cabbage. Neither linalool nor the cresols were detected in volatiles from cabbage or from males exposed to cabbage odor.

SUMMARYThe deleterious effects of aluminiutn in the rhizosphere on growth, root morphology, ion uptake, and stomatal conductance in wheat {Triticum aestivum L.) were prevented or attenuated hy the inclusion of fluoride in the growth medium; the more fluoride present relative to the concentration of aluminium, the greater the alleviation. Results support the conclusion that the ameliorative effects of fluoride were due to reductions in the concentration of the rhizotoxic trivalent cation (Al^^) through the formation of aluminium-fluoride complexes that are neither phytotoxic nor readily translocated from roots to shoots.

The mitochondrial genome of moss Mielichhoferia elongata has been sequenced and assembled with Spades genome assembler. It consists of 100,342 base pairs and has practically the same gene set and its order as in other known bryophyte chondriomes. The genome contains 66 genes including three rRNAs, 24 tRNAs, and 40 conserved mitochondrial proteins genes. Unlike the majority of previously sequenced bryophyte mitogenomes, it lacks the functional nad7 gene. The phylogenetic reconstruction and scrutiny analysis of the primary structure of nad7 gene carried out in this study suggest its independent pseudogenization in different bryophyte lineages. Evaluation of the microsatellite (simple sequence repeat) content of the Mielichhoferia elongata mitochondrial genome indicates that it could be used as a tool in further studies as a phylogenetic marker. The strongly supported phylogenetic tree presented here, derived from 33 protein coding sequences of 40 bryophyte species is consistent with other reconstructions based on a number of different data sets. PeerJ Preprints | https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.3465v2 | CC BY 4.0 Open Access | rec 2 elongata reveals independent nad7 gene functionality loss. ABSTRACT 19 The mitochondrial genome of the moss Mielichhoferia elongata has been sequenced and 20 assembled with the Spades genome assembler. It consists of 100,342 base pairs and has 21 practically the same gene set and order as reported for other known bryophyte chondriomes. It is 22 the smallest known mitogenome among bryophytes. The genome contains 66 genes including 23 three rRNAs, 24 tRNAs, and 39 conserved mitochondrial proteins genes. Unlike the majority of 24 previously sequenced bryophyte mitogenomes, this mitogenome lacks a functional nad7 gene. 25 The phylogenetic reconstruction and scrutiny analysis of the primary structure of the nad7 gene 26 carried out in this study suggest an independent pseudogenization in different bryophyte lineages. 27 Evaluation of the microsatellite (simple sequence repeat) content of theMielichhoferia elongata 28 mitochondrial genome indicates that it could be used as a tool in further studies as a phylogenetic 29 marker. The strongly supported phylogenetic tree presented here, derived from 33 protein coding 30 sequences of 40 bryophyte species is consistent with other reconstructions based on a number of 31 different data sets. 32 PeerJ Preprints | https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.3465v2 | CC BY 4.0 Open Access | rec