Oxidation of oil-in-water emulsion droplets is influenced by the properties of the interfacial membrane surrounding the lipid core. To evaluate how surfactant headgroup size influences lipid oxidation rates, emulsions were prepared with polyoxyethylene 10 stearyl ether (Brij 76) or polyoxyethylene 100 stearyl ether (Brij 700), which are structurally identical except for their hydrophilic headgroups, with Brij 700 containing 10 times more polyoxyethylene groups than Brij 76. Fe(2+)-promoted decomposition of cumene hydroperoxide was lower in Brij 700-stabilized than in Brij 76-stabilized hexadecane emulsions. Fe(2+)-promoted alpha-tocopherol oxidation rates were similar in hexadecane emulsion regardless of surfactant type. Brij 700 decreased production of hexanal from methyl linoleate and the formation of lipid peroxides and propanal from salmon oil compared to emulsions stabilized by Brij 76. These results indicate that emulsion droplet interfacial thickness could be an important determinant in the oxidative stability of food emulsions.

Many popular foods are prepared by battering and breading a substrate followed by deep-fat frying, also known as immersion frying. However, these foods are high in calories and fat. This has led to research on the reduction of fat absorption during immersion frying. This paper focuses on the use of functional ingredients, usually proteins or non-protein hydrocolloids, which can be incorporated into the batter and/ or breading, or applied as a post-breading dip to retard oil absorption. Protein ingredients from both animal and plant sources have been applied as films or in aqueous solutions to battered and breaded foods. Non-protein hydrocolloids such as cellulose derivatives, gums, calcium reactive pectins, and other plant-based flours have also been utilized. Due to the applied nature of the process and the potential economic impact, many of the ingredients and strategies presented here have been culled from the patent literature. This paper also describes three theories of oil absorption into fried foods; the waterreplacement mechanism, the cooling-phase effect, and the surfactant theory, and reviews research that reports the impact of oil absorption on the nutritional and textural properties of the battered and breaded foods.

The effect of grape seed extract (GSE, 0.1%) +/- NaCl (1%) in ground chicken thigh meat during refrigerated storage at 59%, 76%, 88%, and 99% relative humidity (RH) was examined. Compared to the untreated control, GSE (0.1%) delayed the reduction of water activity (a(w)) that occurred during refrigerated storage at different relative humidity levels but had no effect on moisture content or pH compared to the untreated control. GSE inhibited the formation of a secondary marker of lipid oxidation (TBARS) compared to the untreated control and altered the effect of NaCl on TBARS formation. The formation of TBARS was affected by RH level across all treatment groups in the order of 99% > 88% > 76% > 59%. Further analysis revealed that this effect likely is due to the presence of NaCl, which suggests that RH storage does not affect the formation of TBARS except in salted patties, the effect of which is mitigated by the addition of GSE. NaCl, but not GSE, increased both sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar protein solubility after 12 d of refrigerated storage, suggesting increased protein denaturation. This study shows that GSE is an effective antioxidant in ground chicken thigh meat that does not affect moisture content or pH during storage, inhibits TBARS formation, helps to mitigate the prooxidative effects of NaCl, and may alter the effect of NaCl on protein solubility in salted chicken patties. Future work is needed to determine how the physicochemical interactions of GSE affect important cooked meat quality attributes.

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