Abstract

Abstract. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consist of many small wireless sensor nodes which are capable of sensing data and sending it to base stations. WSNs face resource constraints including limitations on communication, power, memory capacity and computational power. Also, since they are frequently deployed in hostile environments and left unattended, they are vulnerable to several attacks such as sinkhole attacks. Sinkhole attacks occur when a compromised node attracts network traffic by advertising fake routing updates. This paper first describes the challenges in detecting sinkhole attacks in WSNs. This is followed by analyzing methods to detect and neutralize sinkholes.

The traditional and most common authentication method employs usernames and passwords composed of alphanumeric text possibly combined with some symbols. This method has proven to be insecure in practice as passwords that can resist attack are difficult or impossible for users to remember. This paper includes a survey of alternative authentication methods and their possible application areas and describe an authentication system in common use in Korea that combines multiple authentication methods.

Sinkhole attacks in wireless sensor networks occur when a compromised node tries to attract network traffic by advertising un-authorized/illegitimate routing updates. The victim node sends data to the compromised node rather than sending it to the node it was formerly using. Sinkhole attacks are typically used to launch other attacks on the network such as selective forwarding and wormhole attacks. Once the network is compromised it is very hard to predict the kind of attack that is to follow. For this reason, there is a need to strengthen the security of wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we first describe the challenges in detecting sinkhole attacks in wireless sensor networks, followed by an analysis of methods to prevent, detect and neutralize sinkhole attacks. The analysis will be based on discussing the advantages and limitations of the proposed solutions.

This paper attempts to develop estimates of the amount and pattern of home use that mught ensue if home information/computer systems were introduced into the contemporary social system. This discussion is not intended to have technological orientation. The services described are possibl, and exist, on a small scale. The prolems involved in duilding a large system which provides multiple services are intentionally omitted. Also the effects of different regulatory climates are not explored in any detall. The primary concern is with the market for home use of wored city services.