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Based on BDS, the QZSS system was added to assist in studying the Precise Point Positioning (PPP) time and frequency transfer effect. Ambiguity Resolution (AR) is the key to the rapid conversion of the PPP method. Therefore, this paper also used the Ionospheric-Free (IF) combination and the Observable- Specific Signal Bias (OSB) product of Wuhan University to test the time-frequency transfer effect of BDS ambiguity-fixed. In this way, BDS PPP, BDS+QZSS PPP, BDS PPPAR, and GPS PPP methods were formed. Six stations located in Japan and Australia were selected for experiments. Conclusion: BDS can reach the same level as GPS; When the cut-off angle is greater than 15 degrees, adding QZSS could improve the success rate, accuracy, and frequency stability of the solution of time links effectively; The ambiguity fixed strategy can improve the time transfer accuracy but not the short-term frequency stability.

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals in the L-band are affected by the non-dispersive neutral atmosphere. Regardless of their center frequency, the L-band code and phase observations are affected by the same measure of delay. GNSS receivers play a significant role in quantifying the zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) from satellite signals. Malawi has a Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) network which was established to support research in geophysical geodesy and geodynamics. However, the quality of the observations tracked by the CORS has never been tested in terms of its meteorological application. In this paper, the ZTD estimation approach and the evaluation of results from the Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements are presented. The optimal approach of precise point positioning (PPP) was used to estimate ZTD from one-week datasets which were collected from six CORS monuments distributed in the northern and southern regions of Malawi. In addition, the zenith wet delay (ZWD) and zenith hydrostatic delay (ZHD) were also estimated to determine their respective contributions to the total delay in all the stations. Alongside the meteorological parameters, the positioning repeatabilities were also established for all stations. Results indicate that the averaged ZTD, ZWD and ZHD can reach as high as 247mm, 47 mm, and 199 mm, respectively. The minimum ZTD, ZWD, and ZHD for the stations can drop to as low as 220 mm, 24 mm, and 181 mm, respectively. This indicates that the ZHD contributes to more than 90% of the total delay at the stations. For the positioning performance, there was no obvious disparity in the latitude (less than 0.5 cm), longitude (less than 1 cm), and ellipsoidal height repeatabilities (less than 1.5 cm). Thus, the results clearly demonstrate that the Malawi CORS network may be used for GNSS-based meteorological applications using the available geodetic receivers. However, for high precision meteorological applications, Malawi may consider densifying the available network with geodetic grade receivers.

<p>The use of theoretical modeling algorithms to compute the satellite altitude causes some errors which are eventually absorbed by the satellite clocks. This adversely reduces the fixed positioning performance in global navigation satellite system (GNSS) precise point positioning (PPP). Currently, different International GNSS service (IGS) analysis centers (ACs) provide satellite altitude quaternions which are an auxiliary dataset necessary in PPP fixed solutions. Hence, this study aims at a comprehensive evaluation of the effect of accounting for the BeiDou satellite attitude quaternions in PPP. The quaternions provided by different ACs are applied to BeiDou PPP using different weighting schemes suitable for handling satellites in three distinct orbits. The obtained numerical results indicate that considering the quaternions in BeiDou PPP reduces the observation residuals, improves the ambiguity fixing, and enhances positioning performance.</p>