People develop strong reactions to machines. Among those reactions are personal relationships that people form with technological objects. Exploration ofways in which individuals relate to information technologies and how individuals see these technologies as being machine-like or being human-like is a fascinating and useful research area. This paper presents a study where these issues arose as a key, although unanticipated, theme in ethnographic interviews conducted among individuals using an intelligent interactive telephone system, Telephone-Linked Care (TLC), that provided counseling about health behaviors. Many interviewees expressed ambiguity over whether they were talking to a machine or to a person during TLC conversations. Interview findings suggest that people formed personal relationships O. Ngwenyama et al. (eds.), New Information Technologies in Organizational Processes Part 1: Critical Reflections with the TLC system, or at least with the voice on the telephone. These relationships ranged from feeling guilty about their diet or exercise behavior to feeling love for the voice.Relationship formation with information technology is of special concern in areas such as medicine and health care in light of the debate over whether computers dehumanize patients. However, this concern pertains to other applications of information technology as well. The findings in this study raise ethical issues and the need for further research.The value of ethnographic interviewing also is illustrated by this study. Ethnographic interviewing allowed new ideas-in this case, people's relationship formation with information technology-to emerge and, thereby, provided the possibility for future studies and the potential development of theory.

Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), subdivided into Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is an auto-inflammatory gastrointestinal condition with an established increased risk of certain malignancies. Compared to sporadic cancers in the general population, IBD-associated malignancies present unique challenges to providing quality care. Radiation therapy (RT) targeting IBD-associated malignancies may directly impact inflamed bowel, with special considerations for the risk of toxicities. Historically, patients with IBD have been less likely to receive radiotherapy in proximity to bowel due to a poor understanding of the potential for acute and chronic toxicities and unclear treatment outcomes. We present a scoping review, to more fully assess IBD-associated malignancies and their treatment. As opposed to a systematic review, this approach allows us to analyze the broadest range of literature, including experimental and non-experimental research, and reflect on current guidelines and practices.Methods: Literature search: a systematic, scoping search of published literature was conducted using applicable PRISMA scoping review (ScR) guidelines. The literature search was conducted on PubMed and was searched systematically by screening all publications from January 1990 to June 2021. Citations from the included articles were also manually searched. Relevant National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines were reviewed. Final query was December 2021 in editing. Articles were selected for full text reading if the abstract reported on malignancy in IBD or bowel toxicities. Results:The pelvic malignancies found in the IBD patient population, including colorectal carcinoma, anal carcinoma, lymphoma, small bowel adenocarcinoma (SBA), and prostate cancer (PCa) are outlined in this scoping review. Additional cancers that have a contested relationship with IBD, including cervical, bladder, and upper GI cancers, are also explored. This review provides literature guided recommendations on the eligibility of patients with IBD to receive RT, management of IBD during and after treatment, and counseling for radiation-induced toxicities.Conclusions: After review of the literature, IBD should not be considered an absolute contraindication to radiation therapy, given the lack of evidence for increased toxicities, and the evolution of RT techniques which limit radiation dose to the bowel.

The need of dependable two-way aircraft communication has emphasized the service requirements as they are presented to the pilot. The equipment must be light and yet rugged, and as the essential parts are placed at a distance from the pilot, they must be simple of operation. The paper, without stressing the electrical-engineering side of the air-communication problem, covers the actual mechanical set-up. The mechanical and electrical difficulties encountered in shielding the ignition system and the complete bonding of the ship are discussed in detail. The placement of the component parts for ease of operation is taken up and the subsequent maintenance of the equipment is briefly outlined.

In Gijima, the Constitutional Court held that organs of state cannot review their own administrative decisions by relying on either the right to just administrative action, or the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act (PAJA) This article explores the reasoning behind this finding, suggesting it is sourced in the Court's understanding of the application of the rights in the Bill of Rights, rather than in a misconstrual of the Constitution's standing provisions, or an interpretation of s 33 and PAJA It then considers the Court's substantive claims about the relationship between the state and private persons, and the nature of the state as a prospective rights-bearer It concludes by suggesting that thinking of the state as a collection of 'processes', rather than as a discrete entity, allows for a more flexible understanding of the application of rights This flexibility opens space for the state to rely on constitutional rights, even against itself

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