To examine the prevalence of problem gambling and its relationship to other risk-taking behaviors, the authors surveyed 1,350 undergraduates at the 4 campuses of Connecticut State University (CSU) during fall 2000. On the basis of a modified version of the South Oaks Gambling Screen, a widely used screening instrument, they found that 18% of the men and 4% of the women reported that gambling had led to at least 3 negative life consequences (eg, felt guilty, gambled more than intended), commonly defined as problem gambling. Students identified as problem gamblers, compared with other students, were significantly more likely to be heavy drinkers, report negative consequences of alcohol consumption, and be regular tobacco and marijuana users. Problem gambling was related to binge eating and greater use of weight-control efforts. University athletes were also found to have significantly greater problem gambling rates than nonathletes. The majority of students gambled but experienced few of the negative consequences reported by problem gamblers.
Classification of development in maize (Zea mays L.) based on temperature is important because of the need in agriculture to determine the adaptability of genotypes to particular environments and to predict flowering dates for breeding purposes. An equation predicting the effect of temperature on rate of development of maize was obtained by measuring the rate of leaf appearance of six short‐season maize hybrids. The hybrids were grown in growth cabinets at constant day/night temperatures ranging from 10 to 35 C, in 5 C increments, with a 15‐hour photoperiod. Rate of leaf appearance was also measured on plants grown under 16 regimes of differential day/ night temperature. The predictive value of the temperature vs. rate of leaf appearance curve was compared with calendar days from planting to silking and accumulated heat units from planting to silking, calculated by both the Degree Days and Ontario Corn Heat Unit (OCHU) methods, using date of flowering for 22 hybrids grown during 3 years at four locations.Polynomial regression analysis of data for maize plants grown at constant day/night temperatures produced a cubic equation for rate of leaf appearance (leaves/day) vs. ambient temperature. This equation (Y = 0.0997 − 0.0360T + 0.00362T2 − 0.0000639T3) could be used to predict rate of leaf appearance in fluctuating temperature environments. For field‐collected data, the equation for rate of leaf appearance vs. temperature was superior to calendar days but similar to the Degree Days and OCHU methods in predicting dates of silking. Adjustment of the predicted time to silking by accounting for the effect of mean temperature during the first 30 days after planting on maximum leaf number (increase of 0.2 leaves/C increase in temperature) enhanced the precision of the derived equation in predicting date of silking.
SUMMARY
Relative gas diffusivity, air permeability and hydraulic conductivity were measured in undisturbed soil cores from tillage and traffic experiments. Continuity indices were taken as the quotient of relative diffusivity and air‐filled porosity, and of air permeability and air‐filled porosity (and the square of air‐filled porosity). These were applied to individual measurements or to treatment means. More general continuity indices were derived from the changes in flow or diffusion with porosity, where the variations in porosity were due to both field variability and applied changes of water potential. These indices were the exponent in the relationship between relative diffusivity and air‐filled porosity and the slope of log–log plots of air permeability and air‐filled porosity or hydraulic conductivity and degree of saturation. Some physical significance was attached to the exponents by comparison with models of soil porosity. Positive intercepts of the relative diffusivity or air permeability plots on the air‐filled porosity axes were taken as porosities blocked to gas movement.
Continuity indices and flow measurements showed differences between tillage and traffic treatments which did not necessarily reflect differences in bulk density. Intrinsic permeability was better estimated from air permeability than from unsaturated hydraulic conductivity.
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