Summary The preparation of a solution of sodium gossypolate in aqueous acetone has been described. Indications of a 1∶1 mole ratio combination of the gossypolate and ferrous ions were established through conductometric and potentiometric studies in the presence of either chloride or perchlorate anion. Application of the method of continuous variations to differences in the absorption spectra of the two species confirmed the 1∶1 mole ratio of ferrous ion to gossypol. This finding is supported by analytical data. Values of pK for the dissociation constant of ferrous gossypolate, calculated from spectrophotometric measurement, averaged 7.3. Since the peri‐hydroxyls are the most plausible location of the sodium ions in sodium gossypolate, its reaction with ferrous ion results in displacement of the two sodium ions by the ferrous ion.

No abstract

C C)TTO:~', a versatile filer, maintains its primary position in textile per cal>ita, consumption in the C nited States. In recent years, chentical modifications of cotton fiber to give it new and desirable properties have become major factors in cotton utilization I I 11. During the investigation of the mechanism of radiation-induced reactions in cotton cellulose, it was noted that massive dosages of high energy gamma radiation induced major structural changes in the cotton cellulc~se molecule 11, 7 However, at lower dosages, the changes were small, and the tenaile strengths of the cotton tibers were not significantly lowered. The use of lower dosages of radiation to polymerize unsaturated monomers in the presence of cotton was indicated. Further, if the monomer could I)e polymerized inside the cotton fiber, this should give a fiik~r with new properties.Initially acrytonitrite, a monomer which is easily polymerized hy radiation }2. 3 1, was used. In this report, results of investigations to radiation-polymer-, ize acrytonitrite in the presence of cotton and properties of the modified cotton are discussed. , . Experimental Riidiation SoiirceThe gamma irradiations were performed at the Southern Regional Research laboratory by a distributed, kilocurie cobatt&dquo;&dquo; source. The dose rate of the source was about 0.6 X 10&dquo; roentgens per hour (maximum). ! JI atrrials Deltapine cotton was spun into a 7s/3 yarn with a balanced mercerizing twist ( 10 ~ and then wound into 18-yd. skeins weighing 4 g. The cotton was purged hy extraction with hot ethanol and by boiling for 2.5 hr. in 1 ~l. :~'aOH solution, keht fresh by continuous removal and addition of NaOH solution with proper precautions to prevent exposure to air (12). The :~'aOfi was removed from the cotton by washing with distilled water, souring with dilute acetic acid, neutralizing with dilute NH,OH, and then a second washing with distilled water. The cellulose was then allowed to condition at 21 C. and 6SiJ relative humidity.A commercial grade of acrylonitrile (water saturated), reagent grade ZnCI2, and reagent grade 1,1'-climethylformamide solvent were used..1l c~rhods . Solutions of acrylonitrile in aqueous ZnCI2 were uniformly padded on the yarns to give about a 200h ick-ul, using about 100 g. of solution to 4 g. of yarn. For example, a typical treating solution contained 32 parts of acrvlonitrile in 69 parts of aqueous f,/, ZnCL,. The treated yarns were then irradiated to give the desired dosage. Monomer was removed by washing the irradiated yarns with distilled water; loosely bound polymer was removed by extraction of the yarns overnight at room temperature with 1~,:~-dimethylformamide in the ratio of about 4 g. of yarn to 75 ml. of polymer solvent, followed hy washing with water and drying overnight at room temperature..

The efficiency of activation and interaction of styrene with fibrous cotton cellulose was increased by the indirect effects of radiation-excited cotton and of methanol and N,N-dimethylformamide. The high radiochemical yields indicated that a chain reaction was initiated. The polystyrene was located within the growth layers of the fibers. The elongation-at-break and resistance to wetting of polystyrene-cotton were greater than that of cotton, and the average stiffness, less. The polystyrene-cotton was thermoplastic.THE basis for these studies was the hypothesis that the interaction of polystyrene with cotton could yield products having desirable thermoplastic properties and increased water repellency. Radiationinduced interaction of styrene monomer with cotton would offer the possibility of more than a surface interaction in that monomer could he allowed to diffuse into the fiber prior to polymerization. It has lweii reported that about 63 electron volts of energy are required to produce a free radical of styrene ( 21 J . The aromatic ring in styrene probably tends to stahilize the molecule, resulting in a low efhciency of free radical yield. It can be calculated from data previously published that at f dosage of about 1 megaroentgen, in an oxygetl atmosphere, about 14 electron volts of energy are required per scission of the cotton cellulose molecule )6. 11, 12 [ . It t is s generally assumed that radiochemical reactions of organic molecules ia a solid state are due entirely to free radicals [13{. Obviously, then, if 5ignificant interaction of styrene with cotton is to be initiated hy high-energy radiation and at, the same time the fibrous structure of the cotton is to be retained, the efhciency of the radiochemical yield for activated styrene must 1e increased.A number of reports on the interaction, upon high-energy irradiation, of styrene with cellulose --~--~--films [ 14, 16 j, filter paper ( 1-1, 23 [, cellulose esters ( 25, 26, 27], cotton [18, 19, 20, 23 ] , and regenerated cellulosic fibers , [ 5, 20, 24 ~ have been pullished. The swelling of the cellulose with water [241 J and the immersion of cellulose in solutions of hydrogen peroxide [18, 19] and of formamide and methanol ( 5, 20, 24 during irradiation have been claimed to increase the interaction of styrene and cellulose. Radiation dosage levels used to induce interaction of styrene with cellulose would, in most cases, result in the depolymerization and loss of the fibrous structure of cotton.The indirect effects of radiation-excited cotton, in the presence of methanol and :~',:~'-dimethylforntaiiiide, on the efficiency of activation and interaction of styrene with fihrotts cotton cellulose are discussed in this report. The effects of the interaction of styrene with cottoa on its textile properties are also reported., . , Experimental Alaterials Deltapine cotton, spun into 7s/3 yarn and wound into 18-yd skeins, each weighing 4 g, was purified by extraction with hot ethanol followed hy boiling in 1 ~/~ ~ aOH solution, with proper precautions to prevent...

Concentrations of 2,2-dichloropropionic acid (dalapon), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), and (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4-D) were determined in irrigation water following bank applications for weed control. Maximum concentrations of dalapon in the water varied from 23 to 365 ppb from application rates of 6.7 to 20 lb/A. The highest levels of TCA ranged from 31 to 128 ppb following applications of 3.8 to 5.9 lb/A. Applications of 1.9 to 3 lb/A of 2,4-D produced maximum concentrations of 25 to 61 ppb. Reduction of herbicide levels appeared to be due to dilution as the water flowed downstream. Rates of reduction in herbicide levels showed that negligible concentrations would remain after the water traveled a distance of 20 to 25 miles. The low concentrations of herbicides observed in the irrigation water likely would not be hazardous to crops or animals.