To determine the efficacy of antibiotic catheter lock solution in preventing catheter-related infections, silicone catheters were tunneled and inserted into the jugular veins of 18 rabbits. The catheters were challenged with an intraluminal injection of 10 5 CFU of slime-producing Staphylococcus epidermidis in 0.1 ml of water. The catheters were maintained on heparin (100 IU/ml) flush for the first 3 days. On day 3, quantitative blood samples for culture were obtained from the catheters and ear veins, which documented catheter-related bacteremia, and the rabbits were randomized to have their catheters flushed as follows: five animals were continued on heparin (100 IU/ml), five animals received vancomycin (3 mg/ml) with heparin (100 IU/ml), and eight animals received 3 mg of minocycline per ml with 30 mg of EDTA per ml (M-EDTA). All animals were killed at day 7. Blood, catheters, jugular veins, and heart valves were cultured quantitatively. Animals maintained on heparin developed catheter-related colonization, bacteremia, septic phlebitis, and endocarditis. Vancomycin-heparin partially prevented catheter colonization, bacteremia, and phlebitis (P ؍ 0.2). M-EDTA completely prevented catheter colonization, catheter-related bacteremia, and phlebitis in all of the animals (P < 0.01). Tricuspid endocarditis was equally prevented by vancomycin-heparin and M-EDTA (P < 0.06). In conclusion, the M-EDTA catheter flush solution was highly efficacious in preventing catheter-related colonization, bacteremia, septic phlebitis, and endocarditis in rabbits.Infections and thrombotic occlusions are the two most frequent complications from the use of central venous catheters (CVCs), and the two are pathogenetically related (21). Catheter-related bacteremia, which is often caused by staphylococcal organisms, is the leading cause of nosocomial bloodstream infections and is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients (9,14,17). Existing catheter flush solutions, such as heparin, are designed to prevent thrombotic occlusions but not catheter-related infections. Over the last decade, an antibiotic lock solution with or without anticoagulant (such as vancomycin-heparin) was used for the prevention and management of catheter-related bacteremia (1,10,11,12,22,26). Concerns over the use of vancomycin flush solution were raised because of the potential for the development of organism resistance to this therapeutic agent (14, 28).EDTA (disodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) is a calcium and iron chelator with anticoagulant activity and limited antistaphylococcal and anti-Candida activities (7,23,24). Minocycline is a tetracycline antibiotic with broad antistaphylococcal activity (31). We have previously demonstrated that minocycline and EDTA (M-EDTA) have highly synergistic activities in the decontamination of catheter surfaces when they are combined in a solution consisting of 3 mg of minocycline (Wyeth-Ayerst, Pearl River, N.Y.) and 30 mg of disodium EDTA (Endrate; Abbott Laboratories, North...
The in vivo pattern of circulating testosterone (T) was investigated in unrestrained, conscious, individual male rats during 24 and 48 h. Each rat exhibited its own characteristic in vivo diurnal rhythm. When these individual patterns of T were grouped, the mean values also showed a diurnal rhythm. Although T concentrations peaked during the dark and light periods, the most pronounced elevations were observed during the dark periods (2200--2330 h). Lowest T concentrations were noted during the late dark and early light hours (0400--0700 h). The pattern of T was further investigated by extending the experimental period to 48 h. The pattern of T observed during the first 24 h repeated itself on the second day, thus demonstrating the authenticity of this diurnal rhythm. Rats were exposed to a reversed light/dark regimen which resulted in an inversion of the rhythm or circulating T. These data indicate that the pattern of circulating T is not intrinsically regulated.
Concentrations of high affinity (Ka equals 5.5 plus or minus 0.83 times 10-8M-1) androgen binding activity in carbonextracted rat testicular supernatants have been determined by Scatchard plot analysis under a variety of hormonal situations: (a) 0-90 days following hypophysectomy; (b) 0-60 days of daily injection of NIH-FSH-P1 (150 mug) beginning 1 day after hypophysectomy; and (c) 0-60 days of daily FSH treatment beginning 30 days after hypophysectomy. The high affinity binding component declined from 0.32 pmoles/mg protein intact adults to 0.28, 0.17, and less than 0.08 (limit of detectability) pmoles/mg protein at 11, 16 and 31 days, respectively. FSH treatment beginning immediately after surgery slowed this decline, giving values of 0.30, 0.17, and 0.12 pmoles/mg protein after 11, 29, and 54 days of treatment, respectively. Expressed as pmoles per testis this represented 96, 61, and 40% of the intact control level. Similar effects on the level of androgen binding protein (Rf 0.54) were measured by steady-state polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The concentration in both testis and epididymis declined gradually to nondetectable levels by 30 days after surgery. FSH treatment for 11, 29, and 54 days, respectively, resulted in 0.37, 0.38, and 0.03 pmoles of sites/mg protein in testis compared to 0.34 in intact controls and 5.7, 2.6, and 0.2 pmoles/mg protein in epididymis compared to 2.8 in intact controls. Doses of 80, 150, and 300 mug FSH/rat/day for 3 days beginning 30 days after hypophysectomy when postmeiotic elements of the germinal epithelium had degenerated caused graded increases in both testicular and epididymal levels of androgen binding protein. Prolonged FSH treatment (150 mug) under these conditions resulted in an increase in binding activity to a level of 0.12, 0.19, 0.17, and 0.20 pmoles/mg protein after 3, 11, 25, and 56 days of treatment. On a per testis basis this represented less than 20% of intact control levels. PAGE estimates were comparable except at the long treatment intervals. These results indicate that FSH treatment influences the level of androgen binding protein in adult testis and epididymis. This may reflect a direct influence on synthesis, degradation, and transport and/or indirect effects on general maintenance and responsiveness of the pertinent cell types.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.