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The absolute determination of the ac-dc transfer differences by a step-up method involves some problems such as the knowledge of the ac-de transfer differences of the reference element and the determination of the error arising from the use of thermoelements at full range and fractional range during the step-up procedure. The methods used to take care of these errors are described.

A new broad-band thermal wattmeter, based on a thermal converter operating at a constant level at whatever the measured power may be, is described and the principle of its operation is analyzed. The uncertainties arising from its use with sinusoidal and nonsinusoidal waveforms are considered.

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