As one approach to alleviating the need for insecticide spraying, our objective is to express protein insecticides in transgenic alfalfa. To initiate these studies, a cDNA encoding the protease inhibitor (PI) anti-elastase from Manduca sexta was placed under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter, inserted into pAN 70, and transferred into leaf and petiole sections of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) using Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated gene transfer. Transformation rates were 10% of all explants exposed to Agrobacterium. More than 1000 transgenic plants containing the PI have been recovered. Transgenic plants were initially identified when leaf explants from the regenerated plants formed callus in the presence of 50 μg/ml kanamycin, and subsequently the presence of the PI gene was confirmed by southern analysis. The 35S promoter-PI fusion produced up to 0.125% of total protein as PI protein in leaves, roots, and flowers. Progeny analysis demonstrated Mendelian segregation of the NPTII gene (observed as kanamycin resistance) and the PI (confirmed by southern analysis). Accumulation of the anti-elastase PI insecticide in transgenic alfalfa reduced the onset of thrip predation, suggesting that this methodology can establish insect resistance within this agronomically important legume.

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