As part of the International Sexuality Description Project, a total of 17,804 participants from 62 cultural regions completedthe RelationshipQuestionnaire(RQ), a self-reportmeasure of adult romanticattachment. Correlational analyses within each culture suggested that the Model of Self and the Model of Other scales of the RQ were psychometrically valid within most cultures. Contrary to expectations, the Model of Self and Model of Other dimensions of the RQ did not underlie the four-category model of attachment in the same way across all cultures. Analyses of specific attachment styles revealed that secure romantic attachment was normative in 79% of cultures and that preoccupied romantic attachment was particularly prevalent in East Asian cultures. Finally, the romantic attachment profiles of individual nations were correlated with sociocultural indicators in ways that supported evolutionary theories of romantic attachment and basic human mating strategies.

The authors thank Susan Sprecher (USA), Del\ud Paulhus (Canada), Glenn D. Wilson (England), Qazi\ud Rahman (England), Alois Angleitner (Germany),\ud Angelika Hofhansl (Austria), Tamio Imagawa\ud (Japan), Minoru Wada (Japan), Junichi Taniguchi\ud (Japan), and Yuji Kanemasa (Japan) for helping with\ud data collection and contributing significantly to the\ud samples used in this study.Gender differences in the dismissing form of adult romantic attachment were investigated as part of the International Sexuality Description Project—a survey study of 17,804 people from 62 cultural regions. Contrary to research findings previously reported in Western cultures, we found that men were not significantly more dismissing than women across all cultural regions. Gender differences in dismissing romantic attachment were evident in most cultures, but were typically only small to moderate in magnitude. Looking across cultures, the degree of gender differentiation in dismissing romantic attachment was predictably associated with sociocultural indicators. Generally, these associations supported evolutionary theories of romantic attachment, with smaller gender differences evident in cultures with high–stress and high–fertility reproductive environments. Social role theories of human sexuality received less support in that more progressive sex–role ideologies and national gender equity indexes were not cross–culturally linked as expected to smaller gender differences in dismissing romantic attachment.peer-reviewe

The effectiveness of "highlighting" selected text material for improving retention was examined in 4 groups of 19 college students each. Although there were no differences among the groups in total score on a retention test one week after reading with different highlighting techniques or no highlighting, a detailed analysis implied that highlighting improves retention of selected text material and that active highlighting is superior to passive reading of highlighted material. Highlighting seemed most effective when the reader had maximum faith that the highlighter could discriminate between important material and trivia. Traditional underlining also was found effective as an emphasis technique.

Changes are near asymptote for ESs and clinical significance, but CIs lag behind. As CIs for ESs are required for primary outcomes, we show how to compute CIs for the vast majority of ESs reported in JCCP, with an example of how to use CIs for ESs as a method to assess clinical significance.

BACKGROUNDExtracapsular spread (ECS) of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck to regional lymph nodes is the most reliable predictor of poor treatment outcomes. Recently, the authors have shown that ECS is significantly associated with higher rates of locoregional recurrence, distant metastasis, and decreased survival in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue (SCCOT). The purpose of this review was to determine if the degree of ECS impacts distant metastasis rates and survival.METHODSTwo hundred sixty‐six patients treated for SCCOT with surgery +/− adjuvant radiotherapy from 1980–1995 were reviewed. The setting was a tertiary referral center. The extent of ECS on histopathologic review of involved lymph nodes was measured from the capsular margin to the farthest perinodal extension in mm. Extent of ECS and the number of pathologic lymph nodes with or without ECS were analyzed for disease‐free interval, survival rates, and distant metastases.RESULTSNo differences in the survival of patients with ECS of ≤ 2 mm or > 2 mm was found (P = 0.92). Patients with both ECS and multiple positive lymph nodes had decreased overall survival (P = 0.0003), disease‐specific survival (P = 0.0005), and a shorter disease‐free interval (P = 0.019) when compared with those with a single positive lymph node with ECS. Those with multiple ECS+ lymph nodes had the worst prognosis (P = 0.001).CONCLUSIONSBased on these findings, the authors recommended that all patients with SCCOT with ECS or multiple positive lymph nodes with or without ECS on pathologic review be considered for clinical trials that intensify regional and systemic adjuvant therapy. Cancer 2003;97:1464–70. © 2003 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.11202