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Madder (Rubia tinctorum L.) has been used as a dye for over 2000 years with alizarin and purpurin the major natural dyes analysed from extractions undertaken. The use of ethanol as the solvent in the extraction process produced an extract that yielded four anthraquinone compounds lucidin primeveroside, ruberythric acid, alizarin and lucidin--ethyl ether.Gravitational separation of the extract was used to record the first crystal structure of lucidin primeveroside and the first ever known crystal structure of a glycoside containing anthraquinone moiety. The crystal structure along with 1 H and 13 C NMR helped elucidate and confirm the structure of this overlooked natural dye which has been shown to be a major compound in Rubia tinctorum L.

\s=b\A retrospective five-year review of patients treated for cancer of the larynx disclosed a high prevalence of hypothyroidism after combined therapy. A total of 29 patients were studied. Seven (24%) of the 29 patients had hypothyroidism develop in the posttreatment period (zero to two years). Two (22%) of the nine patients treated with surgery alone and five (25%) of 20 patients treated with a combination of surgery and radiation had hypothyroidism develop. An additional ten patients treated with radiation alone remained clinically euthyroid, and no thyroid function tests were performed. Of the five patients who became hypothyroid after treatment with a combination of surgery and radiation, two had fistulae develop that were resistant to intensive local care.They closed promptly after treatment of the hypothyroidism. Of the two patients who had hypothyroidism develop after surgery alone, one had fistulae develop that were resistant to local care, but responsive to thyroid hormone. These patients should have thyroid function tests done in the early postoperative period, and those found to be hypothyroid should be treated promptly. (Arch Otolaryngol 1982;108:289-291) One of the most difficult problems facing the head and neck sur¬ geon is wound healing. Factors influ¬ encing healing include radiation, operative technique, operating time, and postoperative care, as well as the overall nutritional and hormonal state of the patient. Infection and fistula are feared complications and

8Madder (Rubia tinctorum L.) has been widely used as a red dye throughout history. Acid-sensitive colorants present in 9 madder, such as glycosides (lucidin primeveroside, ruberythric acid, galiosin) and sensitive aglycons (lucidin), are 10 degraded in the textile back extraction process; in previous literature these sensitive molecules are either absent or present 11 in only low concentrations due to the use of acid in typical textile back extraction processes. Anthraquinone aglycons 12 alizarin and purpurin are usually identified in analysis following harsh back extraction methods, such those using solvent 13 mixtures with concentrated hydrochloric acid at high temperatures. Use of softer extraction techniques potentially allows 14 for dye components present in madder to be extracted without degradation, which can potentially provide more 15 information about the original dye profile, which varies significantly between madder varieties, species and dyeing 16 technique. Herein, a softer extraction method involving aqueous glucose solution was developed and compared to other 17 back extraction techniques on wool dyed with root extract from different varieties of Rubia tinctorum. Efficiencies of the 18 extraction methods were analysed by HPLC coupled with diode array detection. Acidic literature methods were evaluated 19 and they generally caused hydrolysis and degradation of the dye components, with alizarin, lucidin, and purpurin being 20 the main compounds extracted. In contrast, extraction in aqueous glucose solution provides a highly effective method for 21 extraction of madder dyed wool and is shown to efficiently extract lucidin primeveroside and ruberythric acid without 22 causing hydrolysis and also extract aglycons that are present due to hydrolysis during processing of the plant material. 23Glucose solution is a favourable extraction medium due to its ability to form extensive hydrogen bonding with glycosides 24 present in madder, and displace them from the fibre. This new glucose method offers an efficient process that preserves 25 these sensitive molecules and is a step-change in analysis of madder dyed textiles as it can provide further information 26 about historical dye preparation and dyeing processes that current methods cannot. The method also efficiently extracts 27 glycosides in artificially aged samples, making it applicable for museum textile artefacts. 28 29