Background: Falls in older people have been characterized extensively in the literature, however little has been reported regarding falls in middle-aged and younger adults. The objective of this paper is to describe the perceived cause, environmental influences and resultant injuries of falls in 1497 young (20-45 years), middle-aged (46-65 years) and older (> 65 years) men and women from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study on Aging.

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Although the assortment of antifungal drugs is broad, the most commonly used agents have major drawbacks. Toxicity, serious side effects or the emergence of drug resistance are amongst them. New drugs and drug candidates under clinical trials do not guarantee better pharmacological parameters. These new medicines may appear effective; however; they may cause serious side effects. This current review is focused on the recent findings in the design of quinoline based antifungal agents. This field seems to be especially interesting as 8-hydroxyquinoline and its metal complexes have been well known as antifungals for years. Structural similarities between quinoline based antifungals and allylamines or homoallylamines, e.g. terbinafine is another interesting fact. Quinoline can be identified in a number of synthetic and natural antifungals, which indicates nature's preference for this fragment and identifying it as one of the so-called privileged structures. We have discussed new trends in the design of quinolines with antifungal properties, their possible targets and the structure activity relationships within the antifungal series developed.

The concept of privileged structures is well known and is often used in the process of drug design and development. Although its assumptions are not clear, its overall usefulness remains high. Various substructures have been identified as privileged and quinoline is a prime example of such a structure. Areas covered: Quinoline drugs that are currently approved or under clinical investigation were reviewed based on a literature search. Their modes of action and outcomes during clinical research are discussed. Expert opinion: Undoubtedly, quinoline-based compounds have a significant impact on anticancer drugs. Although topoisomerase and kinase inhibitors are the only two different classes of agents that are currently approved for anticancer therapy, more than twenty different drug candidates are being tested on humans. The quinoline moiety offers an easily accessible, well-understood scaffold for designing new drugs. It is also a very druggable molecule with the potency for structure optimization through established synthetic pathways. For these reasons, quinoline-based anticancer drugs have a strong position in modern medicinal chemistry.

Ionic liquids are viewed as green media for many engineering applications and exhibit exceptional properties, including negligible vapor pressure, null flammability, wide liquid range, and high thermal and chemical stabilities. We present new thermophysical properties of 1-alkyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imides ([C n C 1 pyr][NTf 2 ] with n = 3, 4) for future application them as heat-transfer media. The speed of sound was measured at pressures up to 100 MPa and at temperatures from 293 K to 318 K. The pρT, pC p T data, and derived thermophysical properties were determined using the acoustic method. TGA of [C n C 1 pyr][NTf 2 ] and cytotoxicity of [C n C 1 pyr][NTf 2 ] and their imidazolium counterparts ([C n C 1 im][NTf 2 ]) are investigated. The physicochemical properties of [C n C 1 pyr][NTf 2 ] are compared with those of [C n C 1 im][NTf 2 ] and commercial heat-transfer fluids (Therminol VP-1, Therminol 66, Marlotherm SH). [C 3 C 1 pyr][NTf 2 ] and [C 4 C 1 pyr][NTf 2 ] have a wide liquid range of ∼480 K and high decomposition onset temperatures of 771 and 776 K, respectively. [C n C 1 pyr][NTf 2 ] exhibit high energy storage density of ∼1.98 MJ m −3 K −1 , which is slightly dependent on temperature and pressure. The thermal conductivity of [C n C 1 pyr][NTf 2 ] is comparable to that of commercial heat-transfer fluids. [C n C 1 pyr][NTf 2 ] have lower toxicity for normal human dermal fibroblast cells than [C n C 1 im][NTf 2 ]. Thus, [C n C 1 pyr][NTf 2 ] are promising heat-transfer fluid candidates.