design, algorithm, code, or test-does indeed improve software quality and reduce time to market. Additionally, student and professional programmers consistently find pair programming more enjoyable than working alone. Yet most who have not tried and tested pair programming reject the idea as a redundant, wasteful use of programming resources: "Why would I put two people on a job that just one can do? I can't afford to do that!" But we have found, as Larry Constantine wrote, that "Two programmers in tandem is not redundancy; it's a direct route to greater efficiency and better quality." 1 Our supportive evidence comes from professional programmers and from advanced undergraduate students who participated in a structured experiment. The experimental results show that programming pairs develop better code faster with only a minimal increase in prerelease programmer hours. These results apply to all levels of programming skill from novice to expert. Earlier ObservationsIn 1998, Temple University professor John Nosek reported on his study of 15 full-time, experienced programmers working for a maximum of 45 minutes on a challenging problem important to their organization. In their own environments and with their own equipment, five worked individually and 10 worked collaboratively in five pairs. The conditions and materials were the same for both the experimental (team) and control (individual) groups. A twosided t-test showed that the study provided statistically significant results. Combining their time, the pairs spent 60% more minutes on the task. Because they worked in tandem, however, they completed the task 40% faster than the control groups, and produced better algorithms and code. 2 Most of the programmers were initially skeptical of the value of collaborating and

All I Really Need to Know I Learned in KindergartenBy Robert Fulghum (Fulghum 1988) Share everything.Play fair. Don't hit people.Put things back where you found them.Clean up your own mess. Don't take things that aren't yours.

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